Everything about Nepal, topic by topic

Agricultural Machinery Subsidy in Nepal: PMAMP Grants & CHCs

Nepal subsidises farm machinery mainly through the Prime Minister Agriculture Modernization Project (PMAMP, no…

Allo, Lokta, Hemp & Nettle: Nepal's Indigenous Natural Fibres

Allo fabric is a strong, silk-like cloth woven from the bark of the Himalayan giant nettle (Girardinia diversi…

Aquatic Life of Nepal's Rivers: Dolphin, Gharial & Golden Mahseer

Nepal's lowland rivers hold three flagship freshwater species: the Endangered Ganges river dolphin (susu) in t…

Banned and Registered Pesticides in Nepal: PQPMC List Explained

Nepal has banned 26 pesticide active ingredients — including DDT, endosulfan, carbofuran, dichlorvos, methyl p…

Barley & Naked Barley (Jau/Uwa) and Nepal's Mountain Cereals

Barley (jau) and naked barley (uwa) are Nepal's cold-tolerant winter cereals, cultivated in the mid-hills and …

Beekeeping & Honey of Nepal: Production, Bee Species & Mad Honey

Nepal produced roughly 5,168 metric tonnes of honey from about 248,995 managed beehives in fiscal year 2021/22…

Best Time to Visit Nepal: Month-by-Month Weather & Travel Guide

The best time to visit Nepal is autumn (October–November) and spring (March–April), when climate normals from …

Buckwheat (Phapar): Nepal's Sixth Staple Cereal

Buckwheat, known in Nepali as phapar, is Nepal's sixth staple food crop after rice, wheat, maize, finger mille…

Buffer Zones of Nepal — All 13, Area and Revenue-Sharing Model

Nepal has 13 buffer zones — belts of land around its 12 national parks and Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve — cove…

Climate Zones of Nepal: Köppen Classification and Belt-by-Belt Guide

Nepal's climate ranges from hot tropical lowlands to permanently frozen Himalayan summits, all within roughly …

Crop & Livestock Insurance in Nepal: 80% Subsidy and How to Claim

The Government of Nepal pays 80 percent of the premium on crop and livestock insurance (krishi bima) for polic…

Endemic Species of Nepal: Animals & Birds Found Only in Nepal

Nepal has one endemic bird, the spiny babbler (Turdoides nipalensis, or Kande Bhyakur), plus two endemic mamma…

Floods in Nepal: Major Disasters from 1993 to 2024

Floods are Nepal's most recurrent natural disaster, striking almost every monsoon (June-September) as swollen …

Flora of Nepal: Species Counts, Plant Families and Endemics

Nepal hosts around 6,000 or more flowering plant species, with a widely cited figure of 6,391 species in 1,590…

Floriculture in Nepal: Flower Industry, Tihar Marigold Trade & Prices

Floriculture in Nepal is a growing commercial industry worth roughly Rs 2.3-2.5 billion a year, spread across …

Forest Fires in Nepal: Fire Season Explainer and Yearly Data

Nepal's forest-fire (dadhelo) season peaks in the dry pre-monsoon months of March to May, when the Terai, Chur…

Forest Fires in Nepal: Fire Season, High-Risk Districts & Monitoring

Nepal's forest fire (ban dadhelo) season typically ignites in December, intensifies through the dry spring and…

Forest Tenure Regimes of Nepal: Community, Leasehold & Collaborative

The Forests Act, 2019 (2076) manages Nepal's national forest under six modalities — government-managed, forest…

Forest Types of Nepal: Stainton and TISC Classification

Nepal's forests are usually grouped by elevation into tropical Sal, subtropical Chir pine, temperate broad-lea…

Gharial & Crocodiles of Nepal: Gharial vs Mugger, Breeding Centre & Status

Nepal has two native crocodilians: the Critically Endangered gharial (Gavialis gangeticus), a slender fish-eat…

Glacial Lakes of Nepal & GLOF Risk: The Potentially Dangerous Lakes

Nepal has 2,070 glacial lakes in the Koshi, Gandaki and Karnali basins, of which 21 are officially classed as …

Glacier Retreat in Nepal: Data Dashboard on Melting Glaciers

Nepal had about 3,808 glaciers covering roughly 3,900 km2 in its 2010 inventory, and it lost about 24 percent …

Glaciers of Nepal: Ngozumpa, Khumbu, Yala and Other Major Glaciers

Nepal has 3,808 glaciers covering about 3,902 sq km — roughly 2.6 percent of the country — according to ICIMOD…

GLOF and Flood Damage to Nepal's Hydropower Plants

Glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) and monsoon floods have repeatedly damaged Nepal's hydropower plants: the…

Groundwater in Nepal: Terai Aquifers, Tubewells & Kathmandu Valley

Groundwater in Nepal is concentrated in the Terai plain, whose sediments receive an estimated 8,800 million cu…

How to Grow Paddy in Nepal: Rice Cultivation Step-by-Step (Nursery to Harvest)

To grow paddy (dhaan) in Nepal, raise a healthy nursery (beuwa) for about 20-25 days, puddle the field, and tr…

How to Start Commercial Goat Farming (Bakhra Palan) in Nepal

To start commercial goat farming (bakhra palan) in Nepal, choose a breed suited to your altitude (Khari, Boer …

How to Start Commercial Poultry Farming in Nepal (Broiler & Layer)

To start commercial poultry farming in Nepal you first choose a model: broilers (meat, a fast ~35-45 day cycle…

How to Start Kiwi, Dragon Fruit, Avocado & Mushroom Farming in Nepal

Starting a cash-crop farm in Nepal means matching the crop to your altitude — kiwi at roughly 1,000–2,100 m, a…

Important Bird & Biodiversity Areas (IBAs) of Nepal: 27 to 42 Sites

Nepal has a network of Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs) identified by BirdLife International and B…

Irrigation in Nepal: Coverage, Surface vs Groundwater, Provinces

Irrigation infrastructure in Nepal commands about 1.43 million hectares — roughly 40 to 45 percent of the coun…

Irrigation Methods in Nepal Compared: Surface, Drip, Sprinkler, Tubewell, Solar

Nepal relies on six main types of irrigation: surface (canal) systems, farmer-managed irrigation systems (FMIS…

Kalimati Market: Nepal's Vegetable Wholesale Hub and Price History

The Kalimati Fruits and Vegetable Market in Kathmandu is Nepal's largest wholesale market for fresh produce, s…

Khasi ko Mulya: Nepal Goat & Meat Price Guide — Dashain Rates by Cut

Khasi (castrated goat) meat in Kathmandu typically retails from around Rs 1,000 per kg with offal up to Rs 1,3…

Landslides in Nepal: Prone Districts Ranking and Major Disasters

Landslides (pahiro) are Nepal's deadliest recurring natural hazard, killing more than 100 people in a typical …

Livestock & Fisheries Statistics of Nepal: Populations & Production

Nepal had an estimated 5.20 million cattle, 3.31 million buffalo, 15.29 million goats and 56.9 million fowl in…

Lokta Paper: Nepal's Handmade Paper (Process, Districts, Uses)

Lokta paper is Nepal's celebrated handmade paper, made from the fibrous inner bark of the high-hill Daphne shr…

Lokta, Argeli & Allo: Nepal's Fibre and Handmade-Paper Plants

Lokta paper is made from the fibrous inner bark of Himalayan Daphne shrubs (Daphne bholua and Daphne papyracea…

Monsoon in Nepal: Normal Onset and Withdrawal Dates (Calendar)

The monsoon normally arrives in eastern Nepal on 13 June and withdraws around 2 October — a 112-day season def…

Nepal Fertilizer Subsidy: Urea, DAP & Potash Prices and How to Buy

Nepal subsidizes three chemical fertilizers — urea, DAP and muriate of potash (MOP). As of fiscal year 2082/83…

Nepal National Park & Conservation Area Entry Fees (Per Park, NPR)

Chitwan National Park charges foreigners NPR 2,000 per entry (about NPR 2,260 with 13% VAT), a Sagarmatha Nati…

Nepal Paddy MSP (Dhaan ko Samarthan Mulya): Current & Past Rates

For the 2026-27 main harvest (FY 2083/84 BS), Nepal's Cabinet has fixed the paddy minimum support price (samar…

Nepal Weather & Climate FAQ: Average Temperature, Seasons, Records

Nepal has four meteorological seasons — winter, pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon — and receives roughly 1…

Nepal Weather & Climate Normals (1991–2020): Seasons & Monsoon Hub

Nepal's weather follows a monsoon-dominated annual cycle: the summer monsoon normally enters eastern Nepal on …

Nepal's Agricultural Wholesale Markets, Haat Bazaars & Collection Centres

Nepal's fresh-produce trade runs through a network of organised wholesale markets — Kalimati in Kathmandu plus…

Nepal's Seed Sector: SRR, Hybrid vs Improved Seed & SQCC Certification

Nepal's seed system runs on four quality classes — breeder, foundation, certified and improved (truthfully lab…

NTFPs & Medicinal Herbs (Jadibuti) of Nepal: A Directory

Nepal's non-timber forest products (NTFPs) and medicinal and aromatic plants, known locally as jadibuti, are a…

Orchids of Nepal (Sunakhari): Species Count, Genera & CITES Guide

Nepal has roughly 400-plus recorded orchid species — an annotated checklist counts 458 taxa in 104 genera, inc…

Organic & Bio-Fertilizers in Nepal: Compost, Vermicompost & Jholmal

Organic and bio-fertilizers in Nepal include farmyard compost, earthworm-based vermicompost, the fermented liq…

Plants by Elevation Belt of Nepal: Vertical Vegetation Zones

Nepal's plants are arranged in five main altitudinal belts that climb with the land: tropical Sal forest below…

Protected Wildlife of Nepal: The Full Legal List (NPWC Act Schedules)

Nepal legally protects 39 wild animals under the National Parks and Wildlife Conservation (NPWC) Act, 2029 BS …

Ramsar Sites of Nepal: All 10 Wetlands of International Importance

Nepal has 10 Ramsar Sites (Wetlands of International Importance), covering about 60,561 hectares. Koshi Tappu …

Red Panda in Nepal: Habitat Districts, Population & Conservation

The red panda (Ailurus fulgens), known in Nepali as habre or nigalya ponya, is an IUCN Endangered mammal recor…

Rhododendron (Lali Gurans): National Flower of Nepal

The national flower of Nepal is the lali gurans (Rhododendron arboreum), a red-flowering tree in the heath fam…

Rice (Dhaan) in Nepal: Production, Yield and the Rice Import Bill

Nepal produced a record 5.95 million tonnes of paddy on about 1.42 million hectares in FY 2024/25 (2081/82 BS)…

River Floods of Nepal — Koshi 2008, 1993, 2017 Terai & Melamchi 2021

The deadliest river flood in Nepal's recorded history was the July 1993 cloudburst disaster in central Nepal, …

Snow Leopard in Nepal: Population, Range and the 397 National Estimate

Nepal is home to an estimated 397 snow leopards (95% confidence interval 331-476), according to the country's …

Snow Leopard of Nepal: Population, Range, Survey & Conflict

Nepal is home to an estimated 397 snow leopards (95% confidence interval 331-476), according to the country's …

Soil Testing in Nepal: Government Labs, Procedure & Reading Your Report

Farmers in Nepal can get soil tested (mato parikshan) at the federal Central Agricultural Laboratory in Hariha…

Tarai Wetlands Birding Directory: Where to See Migratory Waterbirds in Nepal

The best place to see waterbirds in Nepal in winter is the Tarai (lowland) belt of Ramsar wetlands and oxbow l…

Tubewell Irrigation in Nepal's Terai: Shallow vs Deep Boring Explained

Groundwater irrigates roughly one third of Nepal's irrigated land — about 493,830 hectares served by some 152,…

Vulture Conservation & Jatayu 'Vulture Restaurants' of Nepal

A vulture restaurant is a safe feeding site where farmers leave diclofenac-free livestock carcasses for wild v…

Yarsagumba (Himalayan Caterpillar Fungus): Complete Nepal Guide

Yarsagumba (Ophiocordyceps sinensis) is a high-altitude fungus that grows from the mummified larva of a ghost …

DHM River Gauging & Flood-Watch Stations of Nepal: Explainer + Directory

Nepal's Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM) runs a network of river gauging and flood-watch stations…

EPSG / CRS Code Reference for Nepal (QGIS & ArcGIS)

For Nepal, use EPSG:4326 (WGS 84 lat/long), EPSG:32644 (WGS 84 / UTM zone 44N) west of 84E, and EPSG:32645 (WG…

Bank & NEPSE Holidays in Nepal (Per BS Year): 2082 Closed Days

Nepal's banks and the Nepal Stock Exchange (NEPSE) close on public holidays plus their own extra days, so thei…

Bank Mergers in Nepal: Timeline of How 27 Banks Became 20

Nepal now has 20 commercial banks, down from 27 in 2016, after a wave of Nepal Rastra Bank (NRB)-driven merger…

Chyangra Pashmina vs Cashmere: Trademark & Authenticity Guide

Chyangra Pashmina is Nepal's finest grade of cashmere, hand-combed from the Himalayan Chyangra goat (Capra hir…

Cooperative vs Microfinance vs Bank in Nepal: Differences & Regulators

In Nepal, a cooperative (sahakari) is a member-owned society regulated under the Cooperatives Act 2074 by loca…

Cost of Living in Nepal: Kathmandu vs Pokhara vs Biratnagar & Other Cities

Kathmandu is the most expensive city in Nepal to live in, followed by Pokhara, while Terai cities such as Bira…

Dedicated Feeder & Trunk Line Premium Tariff: Nepal's NEA Dispute Explained

During Nepal's load-shedding years, the Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA) supplied favoured industries uninter…

Deposit Insurance in Nepal: The DCGF Rs 5 Lakh Guarantee Explained

Yes, money kept in Nepal's licensed banks and financial institutions is insured. The Deposit and Credit Guaran…

Deprived-Sector Lending & Microfinance Policy in Nepal (NRB Rules)

Nepal Rastra Bank (NRB) requires Class A, B and C banks to channel at least 5% of their total loans to the dep…

Digital Payments in Nepal: QR, Wallets & connectIPS Statistics Hub

Nepal's shift to cashless payments has been dramatic: the total value of electronic (digital) payment transact…

FDI in Nepal: Rules, Thresholds, Automatic Route & Approval Process

Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Nepal is governed by the Foreign Investment and Technology Transfer Act (FI…

Foreign Aid to Nepal (ODA): Biggest Donors, Sectors & Loans vs Grants

Nepal received about US$1.6 billion in disbursed foreign aid (Official Development Assistance) in fiscal year …

Government Securities of Nepal: T-Bills, Bonds & Savings Bonds

Government securities are the debt instruments the Government of Nepal issues to borrow money at home, managed…

Government Subsidies in Nepal's Budget: Fertiliser, Agriculture, Interest & Electricity

Nepal's federal budget funds several recurring subsidies. The largest is the chemical fertiliser subsidy (mal …

Grant vs Loan: Is Foreign Aid to Nepal a Gift or Debt?

Foreign aid to Nepal is partly a gift and partly a debt. In fiscal year 2024/25 about two-thirds of the aid Ne…

Hand-Knotted Nepali Carpet: Buyer & Knowledge Guide

A hand-knotted Nepali carpet is a woollen pile rug tied by hand using the Tibetan (Senna) knot, most often fro…

How Customs Duty Is Calculated in Nepal: The Import-Tax Cascade

Nepal taxes an import in layers, not all at once. First an assessable (CIF) value is set, then customs duty is…

How Nepal's 753 Local Levels Are Funded: Fiscal Transfers & Grants

Nepal's 753 local levels are funded from four sources: intergovernmental transfers (the fiscal equalisation, c…

How to Buy Nepal Government Bonds & T-Bills: DOMS Investor Portal Guide

To buy Nepal government bonds, register on the DOMS Investor Portal (investor.doms.gov.np) run by the Public D…

How to Open a Bank Account in Nepal: Step-by-Step Guide (2025)

To open a savings (bachat) account in Nepal, take a valid government photo ID (citizenship, passport or drivin…

How to Open a Demat & MeroShare Account in Nepal (with CRN)

To open a Demat account in Nepal, visit a bank or broker that is a licensed Depository Participant (DP), submi…

Industry Classification in Nepal: Micro, Cottage, Small, Medium & Large

Under Nepal's Industrial Enterprises Act 2076 (2020), Section 17 classifies industries into five tiers by fixe…

Inflation & CPI in Nepal: Latest Rate, Trend & How NRB Measures It

Nepal's annual average consumer price inflation eased to 4.06 percent in fiscal year 2024/25 (2081/82 BS), dow…

Investment Board Nepal (IBN): Projects, PPP Pipeline & Status

The Investment Board Nepal (IBN) is the prime-minister-chaired government body that approves and facilitates N…

List of Banks in Nepal: Every NRB-Licensed Bank & Financial Institution

As of mid-July 2025 (Asar 2082 BS), Nepal Rastra Bank (NRB) licenses 107 banks and financial institutions (BFI…

List of Microfinance Institutions (Laghubitta) Licensed by NRB

As of Nepal Rastra Bank's Mid-January 2025 list, there are 52 licensed Class 'D' microfinance institutions (la…

Loan Cost & Lending Glossary for Nepali Borrowers: Base Rate, Spread, CIB Blacklist, LTV

Your loan interest rate in Nepal is not a single number a bank invents — it is the bank's published base rate …

Major Commercial Expedition Operators in Nepal: A Directory

Nepali-owned companies now run the commercial Everest and 8000-metre climbing industry that Western firms once…

Nepal Commodity Exchange Explained: MEX Nepal, SEBON & Agri Trading

Nepal's commodity market is a regulated commodity-derivatives market where futures on gold, crude oil, agricul…

Nepal Concessional Loan Schemes (Sahuliyatpurna Karja): 2082 Directory

Nepal's subsidized loan scheme (sahuliyatpurna karja) offers a flat 3% interest subsidy across eight categorie…

Nepal Cooperative Crisis: Problematic Cooperatives List & Depositor Refunds

Nepal's cooperative crisis has left roughly 76,000 depositors unable to withdraw about Rs 46 billion trapped i…

Nepal CPI Explained: Basket, Group Weights & How Inflation Is Measured

Nepal's Consumer Price Index (CPI), compiled by Nepal Rastra Bank (NRB), measures inflation by tracking the av…

Nepal Cross-Border Electricity Trade: Exports to India & Bangladesh

Nepal is now a seasonal net exporter of electricity: it sells wet-season hydropower surplus to India and, sinc…

Nepal Debt Servicing: Principal and Interest Payments, Year by Year

Nepal's debt servicing — the annual repayment of principal plus interest on public debt — reached roughly Rs 3…

Nepal Debt Sustainability & Risk Rating: The World Bank–IMF DSA Explained

No, Nepal is not in a debt crisis. In the latest Joint World Bank–IMF Debt Sustainability Analysis, Nepal is r…

Nepal Economy & GDP: Growth, GDP per Capita and Key Indicators

Nepal's economy is a lower-middle-income, remittance- and services-driven economy. In fiscal year 2081/82 (202…

Nepal External Debt by Creditor: Who Nepal Owes Money To

Nepal's external (foreign) public debt was roughly NRs 1.5 trillion (about US$10 billion) in 2025-26, and it i…

Nepal GDP by Sector: Agriculture, Industry and Services Share

Nepal's economy is now services-led, not agrarian: services generate roughly 62 percent of gross domestic prod…

Nepal Handicraft & Textile Exports: Category Breakdown & Values

Nepal's handicraft and textile exports are led by hand-knotted woollen carpets (about Rs 9.8 billion, ~3.9% of…

Nepal Hydropower Developers & Companies: Chilime, Sanima, SJVN, BPC

A company-by-company directory of Nepal's major hydropower developers and operators, aggregating every plant e…

Nepal IT Industry & Digital Economy: The IT Exports Hub

Nepal's software and IT-services export industry has grown from roughly US$515 million in 2022 to an estimated…

Nepal Milk Price Explainer: Farmgate Rate, DDC Retail & Fat/SNF Pricing

Nepal's raw-milk price starts with a government-set minimum purchase price paid to farmers at the chilling cen…

Nepal Post's Financial Services: Postal Savings Bank, Money Order & Insurance

Beyond letters and parcels, Nepal Post has long run financial services for ordinary and rural Nepalis: the Pos…

Nepal Poverty Rate & Human Development Index (HDI): Latest Data

As of the latest official data, 20.27% of Nepal's population lived below the national consumption poverty line…

Nepal Public Debt: Debt-to-GDP, External vs Domestic & Per-Citizen Share

As of mid-July 2025 (end of fiscal year 2081/82 BS, or 2024/25 AD), Nepal's total outstanding public debt reac…

Nepal Public Debt: Total, Internal vs External, and Debt-to-GDP

Nepal's total outstanding public debt (sarbajanik rin) crossed Rs 2.87 trillion by mid-March 2026 (Falgun 2082…

Nepal Rastra Bank (NRB): Profile, Governor & Monetary Policy Toolkit

Nepal Rastra Bank (NRB) is Nepal's central bank, established on 26 April 1956 (14 Baisakh 2013 BS) and now gov…

Nepal Revenue & Tax Collection: Breakdown by Source

Nepal's government gets most of its money from taxes rather than fees, and the tax base leans heavily on consu…

Nepal Tea & Coffee Industry: Orthodox vs CTC, Estates & Ilam GI

Nepal produces roughly 26,000 tonnes of tea a year, split between smallholder-grown orthodox tea (about 6,500 …

Nepal Tourism Revenue: Foreign Exchange Earnings & Tourist Spending

Nepal earned a record Rs76.55 billion (about US$570 million) in foreign exchange from tourism in the first ele…

Nepal Tourist Arrivals: Annual Trends & Statistics (2019-2025)

Nepal welcomed about 1.16 million foreign tourists in 2025 and 1,147,567 in 2024, according to the Nepal Touri…

Nepal's Cooperative Sector by the Numbers (DoC Statistics)

Nepal has roughly 30,000 to 34,000 registered cooperatives (sahakari) with about 7.4 million members, accordin…

Nepal's Food Poverty Line & Per-Capita Food Consumption

Nepal's food poverty line is the yearly cost of buying enough basic food to meet a minimum dietary-energy norm…

Nepal's Foreign Exchange Reserves & Balance of Payments Explained

Nepal's foreign exchange reserves are the country's stock of foreign currency, gold and IMF assets held by the…

Nepal's Informal Economy in Numbers: Size, GDP Share & Employment

Nepal's informal economy is estimated at about 38.6 percent of GDP for 2020/21, with a longer-run average near…

Nepal's Top Imports and Exports: A Commodity-by-Commodity Guide

Nepal's largest imports are petroleum products, edible oils, gold, vehicles, iron and steel, and rice, while i…

NEPSE Indices Explained: NEPSE, Sensitive, Float, Sensitive Float and Sub-Indices

The Nepal Stock Exchange (NEPSE) publishes a family of market-capitalisation-weighted indices. The headline NE…

NEPSE Investor Glossary: IPO, FPO, Right & Bonus Share, Debenture, Auction, Book-Building, ASBA

A plain-English glossary of Nepal's capital-market terms. An IPO is a company's first public share sale; an FP…

NEPSE Sectors Explained: All Groups and How Many Companies in Each

The Nepal Stock Exchange (NEPSE) classifies its listed companies into roughly 13-16 sectors, each tracked by i…

NEPSE Trading Rules & Mechanics: Hours, T+2, Circuit Breakers, Classes

The Nepal Stock Exchange (NEPSE) trades Sunday to Friday, with a pre-open order-matching session before contin…

Petrol, Diesel & LPG Price in Nepal: Structure, History & Regional Slabs

Petrol, diesel and LPG prices in Nepal are set by the state-owned Nepal Oil Corporation (NOC), not the open ma…

Petroleum & Natural Gas Exploration in Nepal: 10 Blocks and the Dailekh Gas Discovery

Nepal has no producing oil or gas field, but state-led exploration continues. The Petroleum Exploration Projec…

Provincial Economy of Nepal: GPP, Per-Capita Income & Growth by Province

Bagmati is Nepal's richest province, producing about 36.5% of national output and a per-capita GDP of roughly …

Remittance in Nepal: Percent of GDP, Inflow Trend & Source Countries

Remittance (vipreshan) is the single largest source of foreign exchange for Nepal. In fiscal year 2024/25 (rou…

Special Economic Zones (SEZ) of Nepal: Directory and Guide

Nepal runs a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) programme under the Special Economic Zone Act, 2073 (2016), administe…

Tourism in Nepal's Economy: GDP & Employment Contribution

Travel and tourism's total contribution to Nepal's economy was about 6.6% of GDP (roughly Rs327.9 billion / US…

Who Owns Nepal's Domestic Government Debt? Holders Explained

Commercial banks own the overwhelming majority of Nepal's domestic government debt — about 73% of all outstand…

+2 College Admission & Scholarships in Nepal: Process + Quota Guide

After passing the Secondary Education Examination (SEE), students in Nepal enrol in Grade 11 (+2) at a Nationa…

After +2 in Nepal: Pathways & Entrance-Exams Map (Class 12)

After passing +2 (Class 12) in Nepal, your stream shapes your next step. Science leads to the IOE entrance for…

After SEE: Choosing a Stream & Class 11 Admission Eligibility

After the Secondary Education Examination (SEE), your grade point average (GPA) decides which Class 11 stream …

After SEE: CTEVT Diploma vs +2 vs A-Levels (Pathway Comparator)

After the Secondary Education Examination (SEE), most Nepali students choose between three routes: a 2-year Pl…

Agriculture, Veterinary & Forestry Entrance in Nepal: AFU, IAAS Guide

To study B.Sc Ag, B.V.Sc & A.H., B.Sc Fisheries or B.Sc Forestry in Nepal you must clear an entrance exam. The…

BAMS in Nepal: Course, MECEE-BL Entrance, Colleges & Fees Guide

BAMS (Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery) in Nepal is a 5.5-year degree covering 4.5 years of academic…

Colleges in Nepal by Province and District: Kathmandu, Pokhara, Biratnagar

Nepal's roughly 1,432 recognised campuses are affiliated to 16 universities and 7 health-science academies, co…

Cost to Study in Nepal: Fees and Living Costs by Program

The all-in cost to study in Nepal is tuition plus living expenses. Tuition ranges widely: from roughly NPR 3-6…

CTEVT & TVET in Nepal: What It Is and How It Works

CTEVT (Council for Technical Education and Vocational Training) is Nepal's national apex body for technical an…

CTEVT Diploma & PCL Programs: Full Course List, Eligibility & Careers

CTEVT runs three-year Diploma and Proficiency Certificate Level (PCL) programs that Secondary Education Examin…

CTEVT Diploma to Government Job: HA, CMA, Sub-Engineer & JTA Loksewa Levels

A CTEVT diploma maps directly to a specific government post and Loksewa (Public Service Commission) level: a 3…

CTEVT Entrance & Scholarship Quota Guide: Classified, Merit, Special

CTEVT runs an annual entrance-and-admission cycle each Ashadh-Shrawan for Pre-Diploma/TSLC, Diploma and PCL pr…

CTEVT Pre-Diploma (TSLC) Programs Guide: CMA, ANM, JTA & More

CTEVT Pre-Diploma (TSLC) programs are 18-month technical courses you can join after the SEE (Grade 10), leadin…

District Literacy Rate & School Count Directory of Nepal (2021 Census)

Nepal's 2021 census puts the national literacy rate (population aged 5 and above) at about 76.2 percent. Kathm…

Education Consultancies of Nepal: ECAN & MoEST Verification Guide

There is no official government ranking of the "best education consultancy in Nepal"; a genuinely legitimate o…

Entrance Exams of Nepal: MECEE-BL, IOE, CMAT, KUCAT & More

Nepal's major higher-education entrance exams are MECEE-BL and MECEE-PG for medicine (Medical Education Commis…

EPS Korea for Nepali Workers: Process, EPS-TOPIK, Quota & Salary

EPS Korea is a government-to-government (G2G) labour channel that lets Nepali workers take low-skilled E-9 job…

Famous Nepali Books & Set Texts: Cited Summaries of 10 Classics

Concise, source-cited summaries of ten landmark Nepali books, from Laxmi Prasad Devkota's Muna Madan and Parij…

Foreign Degree Equivalence in Nepal (UGC/TU Samakakshyata): Full Guide

To use an overseas qualification for a Nepal job, Lok Sewa or further study, you need a Nepali equivalence (sa…

Glacier vs Glacial Lake vs GLOF: Key Differences Explained

A glacier is a slow-moving mass of ice; a glacial lake is a pond of meltwater that forms in, on or below that …

Government School Scholarships in Nepal: Mahendra Vidyabhushan & Merit

Nepal guarantees school scholarships through the Constitution, the Compulsory and Free Education Act, 2075, an…

Grading System in Nepal: NEB, TU, KU, PU & CTEVT Compared

Nepal has no single grading system: the National Examinations Board (NEB) grades SEE and Class 11-12 on an eig…

How Many Schools in Nepal? Flash Report 2081 Education Statistics

Nepal had 35,447 schools in the academic year 2024/25 (2081 BS), according to the Centre for Education and Hum…

How to Apply for Hydropower Local Shares & IPO in Nepal

To apply for hydropower local shares in Nepal, you must be a resident of a project-affected ward or district n…

How to Apply for Nepal Entrance Exams: IOE, MECEE, CMAT, KU Guide

To apply for Nepal's major undergraduate entrance exams you register on each authority's online portal, upload…

How to Become a Pilot in Nepal: CAAN Licensing Pathway (PPL, CPL, ATPL)

To become a pilot in Nepal you must finish NEB +2 Science with Physics and Mathematics, be medically fit with …

How to Check NEB Class 12 (and Class 11) Result: All Methods + Re-totaling

To check your National Examinations Board (NEB) Grade 12 or Grade 11 result, visit neb.gov.np or neb.ntc.net.n…

How to Check Your SEE Result (Online, SMS, IVR): Step-by-Step

To check your SEE result, open the NEB-authorised NTC portal at see.ntc.net.np, enter your symbol number and d…

How to Get a No Objection Certificate (NOC) to Study Abroad from Nepal

To study abroad from Nepal you must obtain a No Objection Certificate (NOC) from the Ministry of Education, Sc…

How to Research at the National Archives of Nepal: A Step-by-Step Guide

To access the National Archives of Nepal (Rashtriya Abhilekhalaya) on Ramshahpath, Kathmandu, visit in person …

India Embassy Scholarships in Nepal: MGSS, GJSS & ICCR Schemes

The Embassy of India, Kathmandu offers Nepali students three main scholarship tracks: the Mahatma Gandhi Schol…

IOE MSc/ME Entrance & MECEE-PG (MD/MS): Postgraduate Guide

Nepal has two main postgraduate entrance systems for technical and medical fields. The Institute of Engineerin…

Libraries of Nepal: National Library, Archives & Major Research Libraries

Nepal's principal public research libraries are the Nepal National Library at Harihar Bhawan in Lalitpur (esta…

Loksewa GK Question Bank by Topic — Nepal Samanya Gyan, Cited Facts

This is a source-cited Loksewa GK (samanya gyan) reference organised by the topics the Public Service Commissi…

Loksewa Syllabus 2082: Section Officer, Nayab Subba & Kharidar Papers

The Lok Sewa Aayog (Public Service Commission) syllabus for Section Officer, Nayab Subba and Kharidar is organ…

MBBS, BDS & Engineering Fees in Nepal: Cost of Study Explainer

The Medical Education Commission (MEC) caps the MBBS fee in Nepal at NPR 40,23,250 inside the Kathmandu Valley…

MBBS/BDS Scholarship & Seat Distribution in Nepal: A Full Explainer

In Nepal, MBBS and BDS admission is decided by your rank in the MECEE-BL common entrance exam, which sorts eve…

Medical & Engineering Colleges in Nepal: MBBS Fees, Seats & Pulchowk

Nepal has roughly two dozen recognised MBBS/BDS medical colleges and dozens of engineering colleges. Medical a…

NEB +2 / Higher Secondary Education in Nepal: A Complete Guide

NEB stands for the National Examinations Board, the autonomous government body created in 2016 (2073 BS) that …

NEB Class 11 & 12 Subjects by Stream: Codes, Credit Hours, Marks

Under Nepal's National Examinations Board (NEB), a Grade 11 or 12 student studies six subjects: three compulso…

NEB Class 12 Grade Increment (Supplementary) Exam: How-To Guide

If you got NG (Not Graded) or were absent in one or two subjects in your NEB Class 12 exam, the Grade Incremen…

NEB Exam Routine & Academic Calendar Explained (Grade 11 & 12)

Nepal's National Examinations Board (NEB) runs the Grade 12 board exam in a Baishakh (April-May) window, with …

NEB Grades Explained: What A+, A, B+, B, C+, C, D and NG Mean

In Nepal's National Examination Board (NEB) system, each letter grade maps to a marks band and a grade point o…

NEB Grading System & GPA Scale for Grade 11 & 12 Explained

Nepal's National Examination Board (NEB) grades Grade 11 and 12 (+2) on an eight-band letter scale from A+ to …

Nepal Entrance Exam Marks Distribution & Pattern Comparison (IOE, CEE, CMAT, KUCAT)

This guide sets out the subject-wise marks distribution for Nepal's major undergraduate entrance exams so aspi…

Nepal Entrance Exam Preparation: IOE, CEE, CMAT & KUUMAT Guide

The fastest way to raise your entrance score in Nepal is to study where the marks actually are and to match yo…

Nepal Entrance Exams Guide: IOE, CEE, CMAT, KUCAT, AFU Patterns

This guide details the pattern, marks distribution and negative-marking rules of Nepal's main higher-education…

Nepal Entrance Exams: Complete List of National Entrance Tests

After passing +2 in Nepal, most competitive bachelor's programs require a national or university-level entranc…

Nepal University Rankings: Best Universities by Source (2025-2026)

Nepal has no official government ranking of its universities, so the honest answer to 'best university in Nepa…

Nepal's School Education System: ECD to Class 12 Explained

Nepal's school education runs from Early Childhood Development (ages ~3-5) through Class 12. Under the federal…

Nepali Alphabet (Barnamala): Vowels, Consonants, Matras & Barakhari

The Nepali alphabet (varnamala / barnamala) is written in the Devanagari script and is usually counted as 12 v…

Nepali Literary Forms & Nepal Academy Awards: A Complete Explainer

A mahakavya (mahakavya ko ho) is a long, ornate epic poem of many cantos, while a khanda kavya is a shorter ep…

Nepali Numbers 1 to 100 in Words — Full Reference Table (Ginti)

Nepali numbers 1 to 100 (Nepali ginti) run from एक (ek, 1), दुई (dui, 2) and तीन (tin, 3) up to एक सय (ek saya…

NOC Nepal to Study Abroad: Step-by-Step Online Guide (2026)

To study abroad from Nepal you must obtain a No Objection Certificate (NOC) from the Ministry of Education, Sc…

NSTB National Skill Test: Levels, Occupations & How to Apply

The National Skill Testing Board (NSTB) under CTEVT is Nepal's only authorised government body for testing and…

Run-of-River vs Reservoir vs Peaking: Hydropower Types in Nepal

The plant 'type' shown on every Nepali hydropower page tells you when it can generate. Run-of-river (RoR) plan…

Scholarships in Nepal: The Complete Directory for Nepali Students

The main scholarships open to Nepali students are the UGC Higher Education Scholarship and PhD/MPhil fellowshi…

School Scholarships in Nepal: Girls', Dalit, Disability & Conflict-Affected

Nepal's government funds several school-level scholarships (chhatravriti) for children in basic and secondary …

SEE Explained: Structure, Grading, Results & Grade Increment

The Secondary Education Examination (SEE) is Nepal's national Class 10 exam, conducted by the Office of the Co…

SEE Grade-Increment ('Chance') Exam: Eligibility, Process & Timeline

The SEE grade-increment (supplementary or 'chance') exam is a second attempt run by Nepal's National Examinati…

SEE Marks-to-Grade Table: NEB Grade Points & GPA Bands

In Nepal's Secondary Education Examination (SEE), 90-100 marks earns A+ (grade point 4.0), 80-89 earns A (3.6)…

SEE Result Statistics by Year: Pass Rate, GPA & NG Counts

In SEE 2082 (results published 11 May 2026), 284,160 of 430,667 regular examinees were graded, a 65.98% graded…

SEE Subjects List: Compulsory, Optional, Marks and Grading

The Secondary Education Examination (SEE), taken at the end of Grade 10 in Nepal, covers eight subjects. Under…

Student Visa Requirements from Nepal: Australia, UK, Canada, USA & Japan

Nepali students bound for Australia (Subclass 500), the UK (Student route + CAS), Canada (study permit + PAL),…

TU, KU, PU & NEB Grading Systems in Nepal: GPA, Division & Percentage Reference

Nepal uses letter-grade-point (GPA) systems on a 4.0 scale. Tribhuvan University (TU) and the National Examina…

UGC Scholarship Nepal: Higher Education Scholarship & PhD Fellowship Guide

The University Grants Commission (UGC) Nepal runs two flagship domestic schemes. The Higher Education Scholars…

Ukhan vs Tukka vs Gau Khane Katha: Difference & Exam Guide

Ukhan is a complete, standalone proverb that states a lesson or truth; tukka is an idiomatic phrase that only …

Universities in Nepal: The Complete List and Directory

Nepal has more than a dozen universities plus several autonomous health-science academies, all overseen by the…

X% in GPA in Nepal: Percentage-to-GPA Lookup (60%-90%)

In Nepal a percentage maps to a GPA in two ways: the grade-band grade point that actually prints on your marks…

Bindhyabasini Temple, Pokhara: Guardian Goddess of the Lake City

Bindhyabasini Temple is the oldest and most revered Hindu shrine in Pokhara, Nepal's leading tourist city. Per…

Caves of Nepal: Mahendra, Gupteshwor, Siddha Gufa & Bat Cave Guide

Nepal's best-known caves (gufa) cluster around Pokhara and Bandipur. Mahendra Cave and the Bat Cave (Chamero G…

China & the BRI in Nepal: Project Status Tracker

Nepal joined China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) by signing a Memorandum of Understanding on 12 May 2017 an…

Coordinate Systems & Datums of Nepal: WGS84, Everest 1830, MUTM & UTM

Nepal uses two main geographic datums and three projected coordinate systems. Global data sits on WGS84 (EPSG:…

Devghat Dham: Sacred River Confluence Pilgrimage in Nepal

Devghat Dham (also spelled Deoghat) is one of Nepal's holiest Hindu pilgrimage sites, set where the Kali Ganda…

Geography Superlatives by Province: Highest Peak, Rivers, Lakes and Parks

Nepal's seven provinces each carry their own geographic superlatives. Koshi Province holds Mount Everest (8,84…

Geological & Tectonic Zones of Nepal: Terai to Tethys

Nepal is divided into five east-west (longitudinal) tectonic zones — from south to north: the Terai plain, the…

Glacial Lakes by River Basin: Koshi vs Gandaki vs Karnali

The 2020 ICIMOD-UNDP inventory mapped 3,624 glacial lakes across Nepal's three great Himalayan basins: 2,064 i…

Gorges & River Canyons of Nepal: A Directory (Beyond Kali Gandaki)

Beyond the famous Kali Gandaki, Nepal holds several dramatic river gorges and canyons. The Arun valley, stradd…

Highest, Deepest & Largest Lakes of Nepal — Rankings

The largest lake in Nepal is Rara (about 10.8 km2) in Mugu; the lake most often called the deepest is Shey Pho…

Hydropower in Nepal by Province and District

Nepal's hydropower is a hill-and-mountain story: nearly every plant sits on a steep Himalayan river, so capaci…

Inner Terai Valleys of Nepal (Bhitri Madhesh / Dun Valleys)

The Inner Terai Valleys of Nepal, known in Nepali as Bhitri Madhesh or Bhitri Tarai, are a chain of flat, fert…

Kali Gandaki Gorge: The World's Deepest Gorge, Explained

The Kali Gandaki Gorge in Nepal is widely cited as the world's deepest gorge because the river runs at about 2…

Kapuche & Kajin Sara: Nepal's Two Record-Claim Lakes

Kapuche Glacier Lake in Kaski (about 2,500 m) is promoted as one of the world's lowest-altitude glacier lakes,…

Kathmandu Valley: Population, Cities and Municipalities

The Kathmandu Valley is Nepal's largest urban agglomeration, holding roughly 3 million people across the three…

Largest & Highest Glacial Lakes of Nepal: Rankings

Tsho Rolpa in Dolakha, at about 1.54 square kilometres and roughly 4,550 metres, is usually named Nepal's larg…

Lipulekh, Kalapani & Limpiyadhura: Nepal-India Dispute Explained

The Limpiyadhura-Kalapani-Lipulekh dispute is a Nepal-India disagreement over roughly 372 sq km of high-altitu…

Major River Confluences (Triveni/Dovan) of Nepal

A river confluence, called a triveni or dovan in Nepali, is where two or more rivers meet, and many of Nepal's…

Metropolitan & Sub-Metropolitan Cities of Nepal (2021 Census)

Nepal has 6 metropolitan cities (mahanagarpalika) and 11 sub-metropolitan cities (upamahanagarpalika), created…

Mountain Passes of Nepal: Elevations, Ranges and Trek Guide

Nepal's named Himalayan passes range from low motorable border cols to glaciated mountaineering saddles above …

Natural Hot Springs of Nepal: A Tatopani Directory

Nepal's best-known natural hot springs (tatopani, literally 'hot water') sit on its two busiest trek circuits:…

Nepal Craft Towns & Clusters: Where Each Craft Is Made

This directory maps Nepal's famous crafts to the towns and clusters that make them: pottery in Thimi and Bhakt…

Nepal-China Border Crossings: The Traditional Trade Points

Nepal shares roughly a 1,414 km border with China's Tibet Autonomous Region, historically crossed by dozens of…

Nepal-China High Border Crossings: A Present-Day Directory

Nepal shares a roughly 1,400 km Himalayan frontier with China (Tibet Autonomous Region), fixed by the 1961 bou…

Nepal's 8 vs 14 Eight-Thousanders: The Six 'New' 8000ers Explained

On 1 February 2025, Nepal's Department of Tourism raised its official count of 8,000-metre peaks from 8 to 14 …

Nepal's 97 Royalty-Free Peaks: Karnali & Sudurpaschim (2025)

In July 2025 Nepal's Cabinet waived climbing royalties on 97 remote peaks (5,870-7,132 m) for two years - 77 i…

Physiographic Regions of Nepal: LRMP Belts & Hagen's Units

Nepal is most commonly divided into five physiographic regions under the Land Resources Mapping Project (LRMP,…

Regional Cuisine of Nepal: Thakali, Tharu, Sherpa & Terai Food Maps

Nepal has no single national cuisine but a mosaic of regional and community food traditions shaped by altitude…

Seven-Thousanders of Nepal: The Famous 7,000 m Peaks

Nepal's seven-thousanders are the tier of Himalayan peaks between 7,000 and 8,000 metres that live in the shad…

The 14 Nepal-China Border Crossing Points: A Full Directory

Nepal shares roughly 1,414 km of Himalayan frontier with China's Tibet Autonomous Region, and the two governme…

The Himals of Nepal: A Guide to the Himalayan Sub-Ranges

Nepal's Himalayas are divided into roughly 20 named sub-ranges, called himals, each grouping a cluster of peak…

The Nine Lakes of Pokhara Valley: Ramsar Cluster Guide

The nine lakes of Pokhara Valley (Pokhara nau taal) are Phewa, Begnas, Rupa, Dipang, Maidi, Khaste, Neureni, G…

Top Tourist Destinations in Nepal: A Guide to the Best Cities and Places to Visit

The best places to visit in Nepal are Kathmandu for heritage, Pokhara for lakes and adventure, Chitwan for wil…

Trans-Himalayan Nepal: The High Plateau and Rain-Shadow Region

The trans-Himalayan region of Nepal is the arid, high-altitude belt north of the main Himalayan crest — Upper …

Valleys of Nepal: The Deepest Gorge, Largest Valleys & Hidden Beyuls

Nepal's Kali Gandaki Gorge, cut between the 8,000-metre giants Dhaulagiri and Annapurna I, is popularly cited …

Waterfalls in Nepal: A Directory of Notable Jharana with Heights

Nepal's notable waterfalls (jharana) range from the roadside Rupse Falls in Myagdi to the remote Pachal Waterf…

'Free Visa, Free Ticket' Policy Explained: Who Pays What

Under Nepal's 'Free Visa, Free Ticket' directive, effective 8 July 2015 (24 Asadh 2072 BS), the foreign employ…

2079 (2022) Local Election Results: Winning Mayors and Chairs by Party

Nepal's 13 May 2022 (30 Baisakh 2079 BS) local elections filled the heads of all 753 local levels in a single …

Amendments to the Constitution of Nepal: First (2016), Second (2020) and the Article 274 Procedure

The Constitution of Nepal, promulgated on 20 September 2015, has been formally amended twice: the First Amendm…

Ancient Monument Preservation Act 2013 (1956): Nepal Heritage-Zone Building Rules

Nepal's Ancient Monument Preservation Act, 2013 BS (1956 AD) protects monuments that are at least 100 years ol…

APF (Armed Police Force) Ranks and Insignia: Full Hierarchy with Pay Scale

Nepal's Armed Police Force (APF) uses a 14-rank hierarchy from Constable (Sipahi) up to Inspector General, mir…

Armed Police Force (APF), Nepal: Mandate, History and Border Security

The Armed Police Force (APF), Nepal is a federal paramilitary organisation established on 24 October 2001 unde…

Audit Irregularities (Beruju) in Nepal: The Auditor General's Outstanding Arrears Explained

"Beruju" is Nepal's term for audit irregularities, money spent or collected without following due legal and fi…

Ayurveda Regulators & Licensing in Nepal: NAMC Explainer

Ayurveda in Nepal is governed chiefly by the Nepal Ayurveda Medical Council (NAMC), an autonomous body created…

Becoming and Finding a Lawyer in Nepal: Licensing, Advocate Tiers and Bar Bodies

To practise law in Nepal you must hold a law degree and pass the Nepal Bar Council's licensing examination to …

Bonus Act 2030 Nepal: Employee Bonus Eligibility & Calculation

Nepal's Bonus Act, 2030 (1974) requires every profit-making enterprise to set aside 10% of its annual net prof…

Business Renewal & Closure (De-registration) in Nepal: Procedure & Penalties

To lawfully close a company in Nepal (company band garne), you file all overdue annual returns with the Office…

Chief Justices of Nepal: Complete List (1951-Present)

The Chief Justice of Nepal is the head of the country's judiciary, a line that began with Hari Prasad Pradhan …

Citizenship Under the Constitution of Nepal (Part 2, Articles 10-15): Descent, Birth, Naturalised and Honorary

Part 2 (Articles 10-15) of the Constitution of Nepal 2015 establishes a single federal citizenship and four ro…

Constitution of Nepal 2015: Full Structure, Parts and Schedules

The Constitution of Nepal 2015 (Nepal's seventh constitution) was promulgated on 20 September 2015 (3 Ashwin 2…

Constitution of Nepal vs Constitution of India: A Side-by-Side Comparison

Nepal's Constitution (2015) is a relatively concise document of 35 parts, 308 articles and 9 schedules establi…

Constitutional Bodies and Commissions of Nepal

Nepal's 2015 Constitution establishes 13 independent constitutional bodies—including the Election Commission, …

Consular Services and Emergency Help for Nepalis Abroad: A Practical Guide

Nepali embassies and consulates abroad, supported by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MoFA) and its Department…

COPOMIS & Cooperative Compliance in Nepal: Online Reporting, PEARLS & Audit

Cooperatives in Nepal must report digitally through COPOMIS, the Department of Cooperatives' online Cooperativ…

Cottage & Small Industry Registration (DCSI): Steps + 50% Tax Concession

To register a cottage or small industry (gharelu tatha sana udhyog) in Nepal, file an application with the req…

Court Marriage in Nepal: Process, Eligibility, Documents & Cost

Court marriage in Nepal is a marriage solemnised and registered directly before a District Court under the Nat…

Courts of Nepal Directory: Supreme Court, 7 High Courts, 77 District Courts and Tribunals

Nepal has a three-tier judiciary established by the 2015 Constitution: the Supreme Court at the apex, seven pr…

Crusher, Sand & Stone Aggregate Rules in Nepal: Siting Standards & Chure Ban

Nepal's crusher industry standards Nepal require plants to keep set distances from rivers, highways, bridges, …

Cyber Law in Nepal: Electronic Transactions Act 2063 & Cybercrime

Cyber law in Nepal is governed mainly by the Electronic Transactions Act 2063 (2008), whose much-cited Section…

Departments Under Each Ministry of Nepal: A Directory of Government Vibhag

Nepal's federal government is organised into ministries, and most public services are actually delivered by sp…

Deputy Prime Ministers of Nepal & Notable Ministerial Firsts

Nepal's office of Deputy Prime Minister was created in 1959, with Subarna Shamsher Rana as its first holder un…

Digital Signature (DSC) in Nepal: Legal Validity, Licensed CAs, and How to Get One

In Nepal a digital signature certificate (DSC) carries the same legal force as a handwritten signature under t…

Directive Principles, Policies and Obligations of the State (Part 4 of Nepal's Constitution)

Part 4 of the Constitution of Nepal (Articles 49–55) sets out the directive principles, the wide-ranging polic…

Directory of Nepal Customs Offices (Bhansar Karyalaya)

Nepal's customs network is run by the Department of Customs (Bhansar Bibhag) under the Ministry of Finance and…

Directory of Nepal's Diplomatic Missions Abroad: Embassies, Consulates-General and Permanent Missions

Nepal maintains a worldwide network of diplomatic missions — roughly 32 embassies, around 9-10 consulates-gene…

Disaster Relief Compensation in Nepal & How to Claim It

After a flood, landslide or earthquake, the Government of Nepal provides cash relief (rahat rakam) through NDR…

District Administration Office (DAO) Nepal: Directory of All 77 Districts for Citizenship, Passport, NID and PCC

The District Administration Office (Jilla Prashasan Karyalaya) is the Ministry of Home Affairs' front-line off…

Division of Powers in Nepal's Federalism: Schedules 5-9 Explained

Nepal's Constitution of 2015 divides governing powers among three tiers using five schedules: Schedule 5 lists…

Divorce in Nepal: Grounds, Procedure, Property Division & Alimony

Divorce in Nepal is governed by the National Civil Code 2074 (Muluki Civil Code, in force from 17 August 2018 …

Document Attestation and Legalization in Nepal for Use Abroad: The MoFA Consular Chain (No Apostille)

Because Nepal is not a party to the Hague Apostille Convention, Nepali documents cannot be apostilled; instead…

Driving Licence Renewal & Lost/Duplicate Smart Card in Nepal

To renew a smart-card driving licence in Nepal, book online through the Department of Transport Management (Do…

E-Governance and Online Public Services of Nepal: Directory of Official Government Portals

Nepal delivers a growing range of public services online through official government portals — from the Nation…

Election Symbols of Nepal: A Visual Guide to Party Symbols on the Ballot

In Nepal, every registered political party is assigned a distinct official election symbol by the Election Com…

Electoral Constituencies of Nepal by District (165 HoR + 330 PA)

Nepal has 165 House of Representatives (HoR) first-past-the-post (FPTP) electoral constituencies and 330 Provi…

Embossed Number Plate in Nepal: Mandate, Cost & How to Apply

Nepal's high-security embossed number plate became mandatory from Ashoj 1, 2082 BS (17 September 2025 AD): fro…

End of the Transport Syndicate (2018): Route Permits and the Fight to Break the Cartel

Nepal's transport 'syndicate' was a system in which route-permit-holding committees decided who could run buse…

Federal Parliament of Nepal: House of Representatives and National Assembly Explained

Nepal's Federal Parliament (Sansad) is a bicameral legislature established by the 2015 Constitution: the 275-m…

Federalism in Nepal: How the Three-Tier Government Works Since 2015

Federalism in Nepal means power is shared across three tiers of government created by the 2015 Constitution: o…

Film Censorship & Certification in Nepal: U, PG, A Ratings and How to Get Certified

Every film shown publicly in Nepal must first clear the Central Board of Film Censor (Kendriya Chalchitra Janc…

Foreign Aid to Nepal: Total ODA and Donor Profiles

Nepal mobilised about US$1.60 billion in Official Development Assistance (ODA) in fiscal year 2024/25 (BS 2081…

Foreign Embassies in Nepal + Nepali Missions Abroad Directory

This directory covers the major foreign embassies in Nepal (India, China, USA and the UK, all in Kathmandu) wi…

Foreign Employment from Nepal: The Labour Permit (Shram Swikriti) Process

A labour permit, known in Nepali as shram swikriti, is the official government approval every Nepali worker ne…

Foreign Employment Welfare Fund & Mandatory Insurance in Nepal: Benefits, Compensation & How to Claim

Nepal's Foreign Employment Welfare Fund, run by the Foreign Employment Board under the Foreign Employment Act,…

Fundamental Duties of Nepali Citizens (Article 48)

Article 48 of the Constitution of Nepal (2015) sets four fundamental duties of every citizen: to safeguard Nep…

Fundamental Rights of Nepal (Constitution Part 3, Articles 16–46)

Part 3 of the Constitution of Nepal (2015) guarantees 31 fundamental rights to every person or citizen, runnin…

Guthi Land in Nepal: Types, the Guthi Corporation, and the 2019 Controversy

Guthi land is property endowed under Nepal's centuries-old trust system to fund temples, festivals and charity…

Honorary Consuls of Nepal Worldwide: Directory, Roles and Consular Services

Nepal supplements its career embassies and consulates-general with a worldwide network of honorary consulates …

How a Prime Minister of Nepal Is Elected and Appointed (Article 76 Explained)

Nepal's Prime Minister is appointed by the President under Article 76 of the 2015 Constitution: first the majo…

How Nepal Classifies Its Cities: Metro vs Sub-Metro vs Municipality

Nepal sorts every settlement into one of four local levels using population, five-year average revenue and man…

How Nepal's Budget Is Made: Process, Calendar and the Red Book Explained

Nepal's federal budget is built through a year-long cycle: the National Planning Commission sets a medium-term…

How Nepal's Electoral System Works: FPTP + PR Mixed-Member Explained (With Worked Example)

Nepal elects its 275-member House of Representatives through a parallel mixed system: 165 seats (60%) by first…

How Nepal's Government Works: The Three Branches and Federal Structure

Nepal is a federal democratic republic governed by the 2015 Constitution, which divides power among three bran…

How to Apply for a Nepali e-Passport: Step-by-Step Guide with Fees, Documents and Status

To get a Nepali e-passport you complete an online pre-enrolment at emrtds.nepalpassport.gov.np, book an appoin…

How to Apply for an e-Passport in Nepal: Fees, Documents, Processing Time and Online Pre-Enrolment

To get a Nepali e-passport you pre-enrol online at nepalpassport.gov.np, pay the government fee, then attend a…

How to Apply for Government Irrigation Support in Nepal (Solar Pump & Small Irrigation Subsidy)

To get government irrigation support in Nepal, apply to the office that runs the scheme you need: your local a…

How to Apply for Nepal's National ID Card (Rastriya Parichaya Patra) Online: DoNIDCR Step-by-Step Guide

To get Nepal's National Identity Card, you complete a free online pre-enrollment at enrollment.donidcr.gov.np,…

How to Cross the Nepal-India Border by Land: A Per-Crossing Guide

Indian and Nepali citizens do not need a passport or visa to cross the open Nepal-India land border under the …

How to Export from Nepal: Documents, Certificate of Origin & GSP

To export from Nepal you must register a firm, obtain a PAN/VAT and an EXIM code from the Department of Custom…

How to File a Case in Nepal: FIR (Criminal) and Plaint/Firdaad (Civil) Step-by-Step Guide

In Nepal a criminal matter begins with a First Information Report (FIR) lodged free of charge at the nearest p…

How to File Your Income Tax Return Online in Nepal (D-01 / D-03 / D-04)

To file an income tax return online in Nepal, log in to the Inland Revenue Department (IRD) Taxpayer Portal at…

How to Get a Birth, Death, Marriage or Migration Certificate from Your Ward Office in Nepal

In Nepal you register births, deaths, marriages, divorces and migrations at your local ward office, where the …

How to Get a Driving Licence in Nepal: Step-by-Step Procedure

To get a driving licence in Nepal you register online at applydlnew.dotm.gov.np, book a biometric and document…

How to Get a Police Clearance Certificate (PCC) Online in Nepal — OPCR Step-by-Step

Nepalis and foreign residents can obtain a Police Clearance Certificate online through Nepal Police's Online P…

How to Get an EXIM Code in Nepal (Export-Import Licence Guide)

To import or export goods commercially in Nepal you must first register a 13-digit EXIM Code with the Departme…

How to Join Nepal Police: Eligibility, Age Limit, Physical Standards and Selection Process

To join Nepal Police you must be a Nepali citizen who meets the post-specific education, age, height and chest…

How to Join the Nepali Army: Recruitment Categories, Eligibility and Selection

To join the Nepali Army (Nepalese Army), Nepali citizens apply through the Directorate of Recruitment and Sele…

How to Make a Citizenship Certificate in Nepal (Nagarikta)

To make a Nepali citizenship certificate (nagarikta), a person aged 16 or above collects a ward-office recomme…

How to Receive Foreign Currency in Nepal: Freelancer & IT Forex Guide (NRB Rules)

To legally receive dollars in Nepal, freelancers and IT exporters must route all foreign earnings through a li…

How to Register & Transfer Land in Nepal — Rajistration & Namsari (Dakhil Kharij)

In Nepal, land ownership only legally changes when the transfer deed is registered (rajistration) at the Distr…

How to Register a Birth, Marriage & Death in Nepal (Civil Registration)

In Nepal, births, marriages, deaths, migrations and divorces are registered at your local ward office (wada ka…

How to Register a Community Forest User Group (CFUG) in Nepal

To register a community forest in Nepal, the local users organise into a Community Forest User Group (CFUG), a…

How to Register a Cooperative (Sahakari) in Nepal: Step-by-Step Guide

To register a cooperative (sahakari) in Nepal, founders hold a preliminary meeting, draft bylaws and a feasibi…

How to Register a Marriage in Nepal: Step-by-Step Procedure

To register a marriage in Nepal, report it within 35 days at the ward office of the municipality or rural muni…

How to Register a Newborn's Name in Nepal (Birth Registration & the 35-Day Rule)

To legally name and register a newborn in Nepal (janma darta), a family member must report the birth to the lo…

How to Register an Industry in Nepal: Step-by-Step (DoI vs DCSI vs Provincial)

To register an industry (udyog darta) in Nepal, first decide which office has jurisdiction: the federal Depart…

How to Register an INGO / NGO in Nepal (Social Welfare Council Guide)

To register an NGO in Nepal, seven or more founders register an association at the District Administration Off…

How to Register as a Voter and How to Vote in Nepal: A Step-by-Step Guide

To vote in Nepal you must be a Nepali citizen, be at least 18 by the cutoff date, and have your name on the el…

How to Register for a PAN in Nepal (Personal & Business): Free Online IRD / Nagarik App Guide

A PAN (Permanent Account Number) is the free taxpayer ID issued by Nepal's Inland Revenue Department under the…

How to Register or Re-register a SIM in Nepal: KYC, Biometrics & Ownership Transfer

To register a SIM in Nepal you must complete a Know Your Customer (KYC) form in person with a government photo…

How to Verify a Lalpurja Before Buying Land in Nepal: Due-Diligence Checklist and Red Flags

Before buying land in Nepal, verify the lalpurja (land ownership certificate) by reading every field, cross-ch…

Income Tax in Nepal: How the System Works (Residency, Heads, Deductions)

Income tax in Nepal is governed by the Income Tax Act, 2058 (2002) and administered by the Inland Revenue Depa…

Industry Tax Exemptions & FDI Incentives in Nepal by Sector

Nepal grants layered fiscal incentives to industry: manufacturing gets a 20% cut in the applicable income-tax …

Inland Revenue (IRD) Office Directory: IRO, TSO, LTO & MLTO

Nepal's Inland Revenue Department (IRD, Lazimpat, Kathmandu) administers income tax, VAT and excise through a …

Institutions of Nepali Forestry: MoFE, DoFSC, FRTC, DPR and FECOFUN

Nepal's forestry sector is run by the Ministry of Forests and Environment (MoFE) at the apex, with the Departm…

Insurance Act 2079 & Nepal Insurance Authority: A Policyholder's Guide

The Insurance Act, 2079 (2022) replaced Nepal's 1992 law and turned the old Beema Samiti into the Nepal Insura…

Inter-Caste Marriage Cash Incentive in Nepal: Scheme & Eligibility

The Government of Nepal offers a one-time cash incentive of NPR 100,000 to couples in an inter-caste marriage …

Is Nepal a Secular State? The Constitution, Article 26 & Anti-Conversion Law

Yes. Nepal is a secular federal democratic republic under its 2015 Constitution, ending its long status as the…

IT & Tech Tax Incentives in Nepal: IT Parks, SEZ & Export Concessions

Nepal offers layered tax breaks for technology businesses. Software and data firms inside a technology park ge…

Labour Act 2017 (2074) Nepal: Rights, Leave, Hours & Termination

Nepal's Labour Act, 2017 (2074 BS) fixes an 8-hour day and 48-hour week (Sec. 28), caps overtime at 4 hours/da…

Land Acquisition & Compensation in Nepal: The Law Explained

In Nepal the government can compulsorily take private land only for a 'public purpose' (roads, hydropower, air…

Land Revenue Offices (Malpot) & Survey Offices (Napi) of Nepal: Directory and Services Guide

Nepal's land administration runs through two parallel networks: Land Revenue Offices (Malpot Karyalaya), which…

Land Tenure and Classification in Nepal: Raikar, Guthi, Kipat, Birta and Jagir

Nepal historically held land under several distinct tenure systems — Raikar (state-owned, taxable land cultiva…

Landmark Supreme Court Verdicts of Nepal: An Annotated Case Digest

Nepal's Supreme Court has shaped the country's rights landscape through landmark rulings — recognizing third-g…

Legal Minimum Marriage Age & Child-Marriage Law in Nepal

The legal minimum age of marriage in Nepal is 20 years for both men and women, with no exceptions and no lower…

List of Prime Ministers of Nepal (1806-Present): Full List

The first prime minister of Nepal was Bhimsen Thapa, who ruled as Mukhtiyar (chief authority) from 1806; the t…

List of Prime Ministers, Presidents & Kings of Nepal (1806–2026)

Nepal's current Prime Minister is Balendra 'Balen' Shah of the Rastriya Swatantra Party, sworn in on 27 March …

Local & Provincial Elections in Nepal Explained: 753 Local Levels, 7 Ballot Positions and the 7 Provincial Assemblies

Below Nepal's federal Parliament sit two elected tiers: 753 local governments (6 metropolitan cities, 11 sub-m…

Local Levels of Nepal (753): Full Directory, Types & Rankings

Nepal has 753 local levels (sthaniya taha): 6 metropolitan cities, 11 sub-metropolitan cities, 276 municipalit…

Local Levels of Nepal by District and Province

Nepal is divided into 753 local levels — 6 metropolitan cities, 11 sub-metropolitan cities, 276 municipalities…

Lok Sewa Aayog (Public Service Commission of Nepal): Profile, Mandate and Office Directory

Lok Sewa Aayog, the Public Service Commission of Nepal, is an independent constitutional body established in 1…

Loksewa (PSC) Online: How to Register, Apply for Vacancies, Pay the Fee and Download Your Admit Card

Nepal's Public Service Commission (Loksewa Aayog) runs an online recruitment portal where applicants create on…

Loksewa Posts & Service Groups: Kharidar to Secretary Explained

Nepal's civil service (nijamati sewa) runs from Kharidar and Nayab Subba at the non-gazetted base up to Sectio…

Loksewa Posts and Service Groups: A Directory of Nepal's Civil-Service Positions

Nepal's civil service ("Nijamati Sewa") is organised by the Civil Service Act 2049 (1993) into gazetted and no…

Malpot Karyalaya & Napi Karyalaya: Office Directory + Land Transfer Process

To buy, sell, or inherit land in Nepal you deal with two offices: the Land Revenue Office (Malpot Karyalaya) t…

Malpot Rate (Government Minimum Valuation) of Land in Nepal: How It Works and How to Look It Up

The malpot rate, or nyuntam mulyankan (government minimum valuation), is the floor price the state assigns to …

Mero Kitta & NeLIS: View and Print Your Land Map (Naksa) and Field Book Online

Mero Kitta (merokitta.dos.gov.np) is the Department of Survey's online portal that lets Nepali landowners appl…

Mining & Quarry Licence in Nepal: Mines and Minerals Act Guide

To mine or quarry legally in Nepal you need a licence from the Department of Mines and Geology (DMG) under the…

Ministries of Nepal: Complete Directory of Federal Ministries

Nepal's federal executive is run through a set of ministries headed by ministers and coordinated by the Office…

Mobile Number Portability (MNP) in Nepal: Keep Your Number When Switching NTC and Ncell

Mobile Number Portability (MNP) lets a Nepali subscriber switch operator, for example from Nepal Telecom (NTC)…

Nagarik App: Complete Guide to Nepal's Government Super-App

The Nagarik App is the Government of Nepal's official mobile "super-app," operated by the Department of Inform…

National Identity Card (NID/NIN) Registration in Nepal: Free Pre-Enrolment and Biometric Capture

Nepal's National Identity Card (Rastriya Parichaya Patra) is a free, biometric smart card carrying a unique Na…

National Penal (Code) Act 2074 (Muluki Aparadh Samhita): Offences and Punishments Reference

The National Penal (Code) Act 2074 (Muluki Aparadh Samhita), authenticated on 16 October 2017 and in force fro…

National Symbols and Public Holidays of Nepal: The Official Government List

Nepal's national symbols are fixed by the 2015 Constitution: a uniquely non-quadrilateral crimson flag with a …

NEA Hydropower PPA & Tariff Rates: RoR, PRoR, Reservoir (Wet vs Dry)

The Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA) buys hydropower under fixed Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) rates that di…

Nepal and UN Peacekeeping: Missions, Troop Contribution and Global Ranking

Nepal has contributed to United Nations peacekeeping since 1958, deploying more than 150,000 personnel from it…

Nepal Army (Nepali Army): History, Structure, Branches and Strength

The Nepal Army (Nepali Army) is the land force of Nepal, tracing its lineage to four units raised by King Prit…

Nepal Army Ranks and Insignia: Full Hierarchy from Sipahi to Rathi

The Nepali Army (Nepali Sena) uses a three-tier rank system — enlisted "other ranks," junior commissioned offi…

Nepal Army vs Nepal Police vs Armed Police Force: What's the Difference?

Nepal maintains three distinct security forces: the Nepali Army (external defence, under the Ministry of Defen…

Nepal Budget Execution: Actual vs Allocated Capital Spending (FCGO Tracker)

Nepal allocates an ambitious capital (development) budget every year but consistently fails to spend it: over …

Nepal Citizenship Certificate (Nagarikta): Types, Eligibility and the DAO Process

Nagarikta is Nepal's citizenship certificate, issued by the District Administration Office (DAO) under the Chi…

Nepal Civil Service Hierarchy: Classes, Posts and Gazetted vs Non-Gazetted Ranks

Nepal's permanent civil service (Nijamati Sewa) is structured under the Civil Service Act 2049 (1993) into gaz…

Nepal Civil Service Salary Scale by Post (FY 2082/83)

For fiscal year 2082/83 (2025/26 AD), Nepal's civil servants (Nijamati Karmachari) draw a monthly basic salary…

Nepal Civil Service: Entry Age, Retirement and Service Rules Explained

Nepal's civil service is still governed by the Civil Service Act, 2049 (1993), which sets entry ages of roughl…

Nepal Cooperatives Act 2074 (2017): Key Provisions Explained

The Cooperatives Act 2074 (Sahakari Ain 2074), authenticated on 2074-7-4 BS (18 October 2017), is Nepal's main…

Nepal Customs Duty-Free Allowance & Baggage Rules at Borders

Travellers entering Nepal may bring used personal effects, one 1.15-litre bottle of liquor and 200 cigarettes …

Nepal Customs Tariff (HS Code) Lookup: Duty Rate by Product

To find the customs duty on any product imported into Nepal, look up its Harmonized System (HS) code in the of…

Nepal Driving Licence Categories Explained (A, A1, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K)

Nepal's Department of Transport Management (DoTM) issues driving licences by vehicle category. Category A (and…

Nepal DTAA List: Double Taxation Treaties by Country & Rates

Nepal has signed Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements (DTAAs) with 11 countries: India, China, Norway, Pakista…

Nepal Election Results & History (1959-2026): Seats by Party

Nepal has held general elections in 1959, 1991, 1994, 1999, 2008 and 2013 (Constituent Assembly), 2017, 2022 a…

Nepal Excise Duty (Antah Shulka) Rate Tables: Liquor, Beer, Cigarettes, Vehicles

Nepal levies excise duty (antah shulka) on liquor, beer, wine, cigarettes, tobacco and vehicles under the Exci…

Nepal General Elections: Full Results Archive, 1959 to 2026

Nepal has held nine national elections to its sovereign legislature — 1959, 1991, 1994, 1999, the 2008 and 201…

Nepal ID & Travel Document Fees Compared: Passport, NID, PAN, PCC, NRN

Which Nepali documents are free and which cost money? The national ID card (NID), citizenship certificate and …

Nepal Identity & Travel Document Fees: Side-by-Side Comparison Table

A single reference comparing Nepal's core identity and travel documents — e-passport, citizenship certificate,…

Nepal in BIMSTEC: Membership and the 2024 BIMSTEC Charter

Nepal is one of the seven member states of BIMSTEC (the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical …

Nepal Inclusive Reservation (Aarakshan): Quota & Eligibility Guide

Nepal reserves 45% of open Lok Sewa (civil service) vacancies for inclusion groups, splitting that reserved sh…

Nepal Minimum Support Price (MSP): Paddy, Sugarcane & Crops Guide

Nepal's Minimum Support Price (MSP), or samarthan mulya, is the government-fixed floor price at which state bu…

Nepal Minimum Wage 2082: Rates, History & How It Is Fixed

Nepal's national minimum wage effective 1 Shrawan 2082 (17 July 2025) is NPR 19,550 per month, made up of NPR …

Nepal Mountaineering & Peak Climbing Royalty Fees (2025)

Climbing Mount Everest from Nepal costs USD 15,000 per foreigner in the spring season under royalty rates effe…

Nepal Nutrition Programs Guide: Vitamin A, Iron-Folic Acid & More

Nepal runs several free, government-funded nutrition programs delivered mainly through Female Community Health…

Nepal Police Ranks and Insignia: Full Hierarchy from Constable to IGP

Nepal Police uses a 14-rank hierarchy from Police Constable (Prahari Jawan) up to the Inspector General of Pol…

Nepal Police: History, Organization, Departments and Functions

Nepal Police is the country's principal civilian law enforcement agency, formally established under the Police…

Nepal Power Sector Institutions: NEA, ERC and Group Companies

Nepal's electricity sector is run by a cluster of state institutions led by the Nepal Electricity Authority (N…

Nepal Provincial Budgets FY 2082/83: All 7 Provinces Compared

For fiscal year 2082/83 (2025/26), Nepal's seven provinces tabled annual budgets totalling roughly Rs 286-287 …

Nepal Public Holidays Calendar: Sarbajanik Bida by BS Year

Nepal's public holidays (sarbajanik bida) are gazetted every year by the Ministry of Home Affairs, usually bef…

Nepal Road Signs & Traffic Signals: Mandatory, Warning, Informatory

Nepal's traffic signs are grouped by three official functions defined in the Department of Roads Traffic Signs…

Nepal Social Security Allowance (Samajik Suraksha Bhatta): Complete Guide and Rate Table

Nepal's Social Security Allowance (Samajik Suraksha Bhatta) is a tax-funded, non-contributory cash transfer pa…

Nepal Tourist Visa & Visa-on-Arrival: Fees, Durations, Extension & Overstay Rules

Most foreign tourists can get a Nepal visa on arrival at Tribhuvan International Airport and major entry point…

Nepal Traffic Fines & Penalties Directory: Violations, Fine Amounts & Demerit Points

Nepal's common traffic fines run from about NPR 500 for minor lapses to NPR 10,000-plus for drunk driving, wit…

Nepal Trekking Permit & National Park / Conservation Fees

Nepal charges layered trekking fees: national-park or conservation-area entry permits (issued by DNPWC/NTNC), …

Nepal Visa Categories: Types, Fees, Duration and Documents

Nepal issues visas in several statutory categories, each with its own legal basis, purpose, fee band and durat…

Nepal Visa Categories: Types, Legal Basis, Duration & Fee Bands

Nepal issues visas under the Immigration Act 2049 (1992) and Immigration Rules 2051 (1994), which define disti…

Nepal Visa Guide for Foreigners: Visa-on-Arrival Fees, Eligible Nationalities and Entry Points

Most foreign nationals can obtain a Nepal tourist visa on arrival, priced at US$30 for 15 days, US$50 for 30 d…

Nepal-China Transit & Transport Agreement (2016) and 2019 Protocol

The Nepal-China Transit and Transport Agreement (TTA), signed on 21 March 2016 during PM KP Sharma Oli's Beiji…

Nepal-India Extradition Treaty (1953) and the 2025 Mutual Legal Assistance Agreement

Nepal and India signed a Treaty of Extradition on 2 October 1953 that listed about 17 extraditable offences, b…

Nepal-India Treaty of Trade & Duty-Free Access Explained

Under the India-Nepal Treaty of Trade (signed 1996, revised 27 October 2009), India grants Nepal largely one-s…

Nepal's 753 Local Levels: Complete Directory of Municipalities and Rural Municipalities

Nepal is divided into 753 local levels — 6 metropolitan cities, 11 sub-metropolitan cities, 276 municipalities…

Nepal's Bilateral Relations: Country-by-Country Diplomatic Profiles

Nepal maintains formal diplomatic relations with roughly 180 countries, conducted through its Ministry of Fore…

Nepal's Bilateral Relations: India, China, USA, Japan and Key Partners

Nepal maintains formal diplomatic relations with 183 UN member states, guided by non-alignment and the Five Pr…

Nepal's FDI Negative List: Sectors Prohibited for Foreign Investment

Foreign investors cannot invest in the sectors on Nepal's Negative List, set out in the Schedule of the Foreig…

Nepal's Membership in International and Regional Organisations

Nepal is a member of major global and regional bodies including the United Nations (joined 1955), the Non-Alig…

Nepal's Regional Trade Agreements: SAFTA, BIMSTEC, SAPTA & WTO

Nepal belongs to four main multilateral and regional trade frameworks: the SAARC Preferential Trading Arrangem…

Nepali Embassies & Consulates Worldwide: Directory and Services

Nepal maintains roughly 32 embassies, 9 consulates-general and 2 permanent missions abroad, coordinated by the…

Nepali Embassies and Consulates Worldwide: A Directory of Diplomatic Missions and Consular Services

Nepal runs a global network of diplomatic missions — around 32 embassies, 9 consulates-general and 2 permanent…

Nepali Political Leaders: A Biographical Directory

A source-cited guide to Nepal's most consequential political leaders — from B.P. Koirala, Ganesh Man Singh and…

Newly Opened & Royalty-Free Peaks of Nepal (2024-2025)

In October 2024 the Government of Nepal opened 57 new peaks for climbing, raising the number of open mountains…

NNRFC Fiscal Transfers in Nepal: Equalisation, Conditional, Complementary & Special Grants

Nepal's federal government transfers money to its 7 provinces and 753 local levels through four grants recomme…

Non-Resident Nepali (NRN) Card: Eligibility, Fees, Validity & Benefits

The Non-Resident Nepali (NRN) card is an identity card issued under the Non-Resident Nepali Act, 2064 (2008) t…

Old Age / Senior Citizen Allowance (Bridha Bhatta) in Nepal: Eligibility, Age Rules and How to Apply

Nepal's old-age allowance (Bridha Bhatta) is a monthly social-security cash transfer paid to senior citizens a…

Online Visa and Immigration Services for Nepal: Application, Extension and TIMS/Trekking Permit Guide

Nepal's Department of Immigration runs an online portal (nepaliport.immigration.gov.np) for pre-filling touris…

Pay Traffic Fines Online in Nepal (E-Challan / Digital Chit): Full Guide

Nepal's e-challan (digital chit) system records traffic violations electronically instead of seizing your phys…

Paying Government Bills Online via ConnectIPS in Nepal

ConnectIPS is Nepal's bank-account-based e-payment system, operated by the NRB-licensed Nepal Clearing House L…

Political Parties of Nepal: Directory, Profiles and Election Symbols

Nepal is a multi-party federal democratic republic whose major parties include the Nepali Congress, CPN-UML, C…

Political Parties of Nepal: Registered Parties, National-Party Status & Major Party Profiles

Nepal has well over a hundred political parties registered with the Election Commission of Nepal, but only a h…

Pradesh Lok Sewa Aayog: All 7 Provincial Public Service Commissions

Each of Nepal's 7 provinces runs its own Pradesh Lok Sewa Aayog (Province Public Service Commission), created …

President of Nepal: All Presidents, Vice-Presidents & Speakers

The President of Nepal is the ceremonial head of state, elected for a five-year term by an electoral college o…

President vs Prime Minister of Nepal: Roles, Powers and List of Office-Holders

Nepal's President is the ceremonial head of state, indirectly elected by an electoral college for a five-year …

Presidents of Nepal

The President of Nepal is the ceremonial head of state of the Federal Democratic Republic, an office created i…

Prime Ministers of Nepal: Complete List from Bhimsen Thapa to the Present

Nepal's prime ministership runs from the Mukhtiyar Bhimsen Thapa (1806) through 104 years of hereditary Rana r…

Property Partition and Inheritance in Nepal (Ansha Banda) and Women's Land Rights

Ansha Banda is the legal partition of jointly held family property among coparceners under Nepal's National (M…

Protected & Export-Banned Plants of Nepal: Legal Reference

Nepal bans three plants outright — Panchaule (Dactylorhiza hatagirea), Okhar/walnut bark (Juglans regia) and K…

Protected Wildlife of Nepal: The Official 27+9+3 List

Nepal legally protects 39 wild animal species under Schedule 1 of the National Parks and Wildlife Conservation…

Provident Fund vs Gratuity vs SSF: Nepal Retirement Benefits Compared

In Nepal, provident fund (PF) and gratuity are two separate retirement entitlements that, under the Labour Act…

Provincial & District Capitals of Nepal: Full Directory of Seats

Nepal has one federal capital (Kathmandu), seven provincial capitals and 77 district headquarters. The provinc…

Provincial Assemblies of Nepal: Seats, Composition & 2022 Results

Nepal's seven provincial assemblies have 550 members in total, elected 60% by first-past-the-post (330 seats) …

Provincial Budgets of Nepal: A Directory of All Seven Provinces' Annual Budgets

Each of Nepal's seven provinces tables its own annual budget in its provincial assembly on Asar 1 (around June…

Provincial Governments of Nepal: Chief Ministers, Governors & Cabinets (All 7 Provinces)

Nepal has seven provinces, each with an elected Provincial Assembly, a Chief Minister who heads the provincial…

Provincial Ministries of Nepal: Directory by Province

Each of Nepal's seven provinces runs its executive through an Office of the Chief Minister and Council of Mini…

Provincial Official Languages of Nepal: Language Commission Recommendations

Nepal recognises every mother tongue as a 'language of the nation' (Article 6) but keeps Nepali in Devanagari …

Provincial Public Service Commissions of Nepal (Pradesh Lok Sewa Aayog): Directory of All 7 Provinces

Each of Nepal's seven provinces has its own Provincial Public Service Commission (Pradesh Lok Sewa Aayog), cre…

Public Vehicle Registration & Route Permit in Nepal: A How-To

To put a bus, micro, tempo or taxi into public service in Nepal you must register it in the public (black-plat…

Register a Company Online in Nepal: OCR CAMIS Step-by-Step (Name Reservation to Incorporation)

Companies in Nepal are now incorporated fully online through the Office of the Company Registrar's CAMIS porta…

Returnee Migrant Support & Foreign Employment Bans in Nepal

Returnee migrant workers in Nepal can access skill certification (Recognition of Prior Learning), reintegratio…

Social Security Fund (SSF) Nepal: The Four Schemes and Benefits Explained

Nepal's Social Security Fund (SSF), created under the Contribution Based Social Security Act, 2074 (2017), poo…

Sole Proprietorship vs Company vs Partnership in Nepal: How to Choose

For most first-time founders in Nepal the practical choice is between a sole proprietorship (private firm), a …

Splitting CAAN: The Two Civil Aviation Bills Explained

Nepal is trying to break up the Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal (CAAN) so that one body regulates aviation s…

Sports Governing Bodies of Nepal: Federations Directory

Sport in Nepal is administered by the National Sports Council (Rashtriya Khelkud Parishad), the apex governmen…

SSF vs Provident Fund vs Old Pension/Gratuity: A Comparison for Nepali Employees

Nepal runs three parallel retirement and social-security tracks: the new contribution-based Social Security Fu…

Statute of Limitations (Hadamyad / हदम्याद) in Nepal: Filing Deadlines by Case Type

In Nepal the statute of limitations (हदम्याद, hadamyad) sets a deadline within which a case must be filed, and…

Tax & Levies for Nepali Share Investors: CGT, Dividend Tax, Brokerage & Fees

When you sell shares on NEPSE you pay capital gains tax (CGT) on your profit plus broker commission, a 0.015% …

Tax Clearance Certificate (Kar Chukta Pramanpatra) in Nepal — How to Get It

A tax clearance certificate (kar chukta pramanpatra) is a document issued by Nepal's Inland Revenue Department…

The 9 Schedules of the Constitution of Nepal

The Constitution of Nepal (2015) ends with nine Schedules: the first three fix the national symbols (flag, ant…

Third-Party Vehicle Insurance in Nepal: Rules, Premiums & Coverage

Third-party (passenger and liability) motor insurance is legally compulsory for every vehicle registered and o…

Transboundary & Treaty Rivers of Nepal: India Water Agreements

Three bilateral treaties govern Nepal's shared rivers with India: the Koshi Agreement (signed 25 April 1954, r…

Transitional Justice in Nepal: TRC, CIEDP and the 2024 TJ Act

Nepal's transitional justice process deals with crimes of the 1996-2006 Maoist conflict through two bodies cre…

Treaty Ratification in Nepal: Article 279 & the Two-Thirds Rule

Nepal makes an international treaty binding through parliamentary ratification under Article 279 of the 2015 C…

Types of Local Government in Nepal: Metropolitan, Sub-Metropolitan, Municipality and Rural Municipality

Nepal's third tier of government has four classes of local level — metropolitan city, sub-metropolitan city, m…

VAT Registration in Nepal: Thresholds, Mandatory Sectors and Process

In Nepal, Value Added Tax (VAT) registration becomes compulsory once a business crosses an annual turnover of …

VAT-Exempt & Zero-Rated Goods and Services in Nepal: Reference List

In Nepal, VAT-exempt supplies (Schedule 1 / Anusuchi 1 of the Value Added Tax Act 2052) carry no VAT at all an…

Vehicle Ownership Transfer (Namsari) in Nepal: Documents, Tax & Steps

To transfer a used vehicle in Nepal, the buyer and seller must record the new owner in the bluebook at the Tra…

Wards of Nepal's Major Cities: Ward Counts and Structure

Kathmandu Metropolitan City has 32 wards, Pokhara has 33, and Lalitpur, Bharatpur and Birgunj each have 29, 29…

What Does My Local Government / Ward Office Do? Powers and Services of Nepal's Local Levels

Nepal's 753 local levels hold 22 exclusive constitutional powers (Constitution Schedule 8) covering local taxe…

Why Are Nepali Airlines Banned in the EU? Air Safety List Explained

Every airline certified in Nepal has been banned from flying into the European Union since 5 December 2013, wh…

Wildlife Attack & Crop-Damage Relief in Nepal: Compensation Guide (2080)

Under Nepal's Wildlife Damage Relief Distribution Guidelines 2080 (2023), victims of attacks or losses caused …

Wildlife Attack Compensation in Nepal: Claim Relief Under the 2080 Guidelines

If a wild animal in Nepal kills or injures a person, or damages livestock, crops or property, the affected fam…

Wildlife Crime in Nepal: Penalties Under the NPWC Act

Killing, buying, selling or possessing Nepal's most protected wildlife — including the one-horned rhinoceros, …

Aama Surakshya Karyakram: Free Delivery & Cash Incentives in Nepal

Under Nepal's Aama Surakshya Karyakram (Safe Motherhood / Aama Programme), childbirth in a government-recognis…

Air Pollution & Health in Nepal: AQI, PM2.5 Levels & Disease Links

Kathmandu and much of Nepal breathe air far dirtier than the World Health Organization considers safe: Nepal's…

Arsenic in Nepal's Terai Groundwater: District-by-District Status

Nepal's national arsenic blanket survey analysed roughly 737,000 tube-well water samples across the 20 Terai d…

Balanced Diet Plate & Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for Nepal

A balanced Nepali plate combines anna (grains), dal (pulses), tarkari (vegetables), a fruit or achar, and dudh…

Basic Health Service Package (BHS) 2075: 98 Free Medicines in Nepal

Under Nepal's Basic Health Service Package (BHS) 2075 (2018 AD), the government guarantees 98 essential medici…

Bipanna Nagarik Kosh: Free Treatment for 8 Serious Diseases in Nepal

The Bipanna Nagarik Kosh (Deprived Citizens' Medicine Treatment Fund) is a Government of Nepal scheme that pay…

Child Grant Nepal (Bal Suraksha Anudan): Rate, Eligibility & Districts

Nepal's Child Grant (Bal Suraksha Anudan), also called the child nutrition allowance, pays NPR 532 per month f…

Child Malnutrition in Nepal: Stunting, Wasting & Underweight (NDHS 2022)

According to the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) 2022, 25% of Nepali children under five are stunte…

COVID-19 in Nepal: Final Tally, Waves Timeline & Vaccination

By the time daily reporting wound down, Nepal had recorded roughly 1.0 million confirmed COVID-19 cases and ab…

Dal Bhat: Calories, Nutrition & Cost (Dal Bhat Power 24 Hour)

A standard Nepali dal bhat plate delivers roughly 600 to 1,000 kilocalories, about 15 to 25 grams of protein, …

Dengue in Nepal: Yearly Cases, Deaths & District-Wise Data

Dengue is now a near-annual, nationwide monsoon outbreak in Nepal. The worst year on record was 2022, with abo…

Disease-Wise Specialist Hospital Finder for Nepal: Heart, Cancer, Kidney, Eye, Maternity, Mental Health and Burns

Nepal's government-recognised specialist hospitals are mapped disease by disease: cardiac care at Shahid Ganga…

Earthquake Preparedness in Nepal: Drop-Cover-Hold, Go Bag & Home Safety

During earthquake shaking in Nepal, immediately Drop, Cover and Hold On: drop to your hands and knees, cover y…

Free Dialysis & Kidney Treatment in Nepal: Eligibility, Sessions & Hospitals

Nepal's government provides free lifelong haemodialysis in public and empanelled hospitals, free peritoneal di…

Government Ayurveda Hospitals & Dispensaries of Nepal: Directory

Nepal's public Ayurveda system is run by the Department of Ayurveda and Alternative Medicine under the Ministr…

Hospitals & Blood Banks Directory of Nepal: Contacts by Province

This directory lists Nepal's major government hospitals — Bir Hospital (01-5321119), TU Teaching Hospital Maha…

Household Water Treatment in Nepal: Boiling, Piyush, SODIS, Filters, RO

To purify water at home in Nepal (pani safa garne tarika), match the method to your source: boiling and Piyush…

How Nepal's Salt Trade Died: STC, Iodisation & the Goitre Belt

Salt in Nepal is iodised because the hills once sat inside the Himalayan goitre belt, where iodine-poor Tibeta…

HPV Vaccine in Nepal: 2025 Campaign and Routine Program Guide

In February 2025 Nepal ran its first nationwide human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination campaign, giving a free…

Immunization Coverage in Nepal by Province & District (DoHS Data)

Nepal's routine (administrative) immunization data from the DoHS Annual Health Report show a fully-immunized-c…

Jar & Bottled Water in Kathmandu: Safety, Registration & How to Check

Most Kathmandu Valley households drink 20-litre "jar" water, but multiple peer-reviewed studies have found the…

Leading Causes of Death in Nepal: NCDs vs Communicable Disease

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) now cause roughly two-thirds of all deaths in Nepal, led by chronic obstructi…

Lightning Deaths in Nepal: Data, Hotspot Districts and Safety Rules

Lightning (chatyang or bajra) kills roughly 60 to 100 people in Nepal every year, making it one of the country…

Lost Khop Card or Missed a Dose? Catch-Up Vaccination in Nepal

If your child missed a scheduled vaccine or you lost the khop (immunization) card, do not panic and do not sta…

Major Diseases of Nepal: Burden, Elimination Targets and Prevention

Nepal is fighting a shifting set of infectious diseases, several under formal elimination targets. Kala-azar a…

Major Livestock & Poultry Diseases of Nepal + National Vaccination Programme

Nepal's most economically damaging animal diseases are foot and mouth disease (FMD), peste des petits ruminant…

Medicinal Plants (Jadibuti) of Nepal: A Directory of Notable Herbs

Nepal's jadibuti (medicinal and aromatic plants) number in the hundreds, from Yarsagumba and Kutki in the high…

Micronutrient Deficiency & Anaemia in Nepal: Iron, Vitamin A, Zinc, Iodine

Anaemia affects about 43% of Nepali children aged 6-59 months and 34% of women aged 15-49 (NDHS 2022), while t…

National Health Insurance (Swasthya Bima) Nepal: Premium & Coverage

Nepal's National Health Insurance Program (Swasthya Bima), run by the Health Insurance Board (HIB), charges a …

National Immunization (Khop) Schedule of Nepal: Vaccine-by-Age Chart

Nepal's National Immunization Programme (khop) gives free childhood vaccines from birth to age 15 at all gover…

Nepal Drinking Water Quality Standard (NDWQS): Parameter Reference Table

Nepal's National Drinking Water Quality Standard 2062 (2005) sets the maximum limits for safe drinking water: …

Nepal Emergency Directory: Ambulance 102, Blood Banks & Helplines

In a medical emergency anywhere in Nepal, dial 102 for an ambulance, 100 for police and 101 for fire, all toll…

Nepal Maternal & Child Health Indicators (NDHS 2022)

The Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) 2022 puts the maternal mortality rate at 151 per 100,000 live b…

Nepal's National Referral Hospitals: Bir, TUTH, Gangalal, Kanti & More

Nepal's apex public referral hospitals and specialty centres form the top tier of the country's health system.…

Nepali Food Calories & Nutrition: Dal Bhat, Momo, Sel Roti Guide

A plate of Nepali dal bhat provides roughly 450-600 kilocalories with 12-18 grams of protein, while a single s…

Nepali Home Remedies (Gharelu Upchar) for Common Ailments

Nepali gharelu upchar (home remedies) use everyday kitchen ingredients like tulsi, besar (turmeric), aduwa (gi…

Newborn & Postnatal (Sutkeri) Care in Nepal: Navi, PNC Visits, KMC

After delivery, Nepal's essential newborn care protocol is: apply 4% chlorhexidine (Navi care) once to the umb…

Open Defecation Free (ODF) Nepal: How Nepal Built Millions of Toilets

Nepal was declared Open Defecation Free (ODF) on 30 September / 1 October 2019, becoming the first country in …

Panchakarma in Nepal: the five therapies and where to get them

Panchakarma ("five actions") is the classical Ayurvedic detoxification and purification protocol built on five…

Private Health Insurance in Nepal: Compare Medical Plans from Licensed Insurers

In Nepal, private health insurance is sold as a non-life medical insurance product by companies licensed by th…

Rabies & Animal-Bite Guide for Nepal: PEP, First-Aid, Vaccine

After a dog or animal bite in Nepal (kukur tokeko), wash the wound with soap and running water for at least 15…

Sarbottam Pitho & Baby Feeding in Nepal: IYCF and Weaning Guide

In Nepal, babies should be exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months, then start complementary foods while …

Senior Citizen Free Health Services in Nepal: Premium Waiver & Geriatric Entitlements

Nepali citizens aged 70 and above get their National Health Insurance premium paid fully by the government, pl…

Sick Child at Home in Nepal: CB-IMNCI Danger Signs, ORS + Zinc, Pneumonia Care

If your child has diarrhoea, give low-osmolarity ORS (Jeevan Jal) after every loose stool plus one zinc tablet…

Snakebite in Nepal: Venomous Species, Terai Burden, Antivenom & First Aid

Snake bite treatment in Nepal centres on rapid transport to a snakebite treatment centre and free polyvalent a…

Sowa Rigpa & the Amchi Tradition in Nepal (Himalayan Medicine)

Sowa Rigpa, the Himalayan 'science of healing', is a centuries-old traditional medical system practised by amc…

Superfoods of Nepal: Sisno, Millet, Gundruk, Buckwheat & More

Nepal's most nutrient-dense indigenous foods include sisno (stinging nettle), fermented gundruk and sinki, mil…

Swasthya Bima Nepal: Health Insurance Premium, Renewal & Hospital List

Nepal's Social Health Insurance Program (Swasthya Bima), run by the Health Insurance Board, charges Rs 3,500 a…

Tuberculosis in Nepal: Burden, Free DOTS Treatment & Drug-Resistant TB

Tuberculosis (TB, or kshaya rog) remains one of Nepal's largest infectious-disease burdens, with the World Hea…

Vaccines in Nepal's Immunization Program: Every Khop, Age & Year

Nepal's free National Immunization Program protects children against more than a dozen vaccine-preventable dis…

Verify a Doctor in Nepal: NMC Registration Lookup Guide

To verify whether a doctor or dentist is registered in Nepal, search the Nepal Medical Council (NMC) practitio…

Vitamin A & Deworming Campaign in Nepal: Dates, Ages & What Your Child Gets

Nepal runs a free National Vitamin A Programme twice every year, during the first week of Baisakh (April) and …

2001 Nepalese Royal Massacre (Durbar Hatyakanda): The Night at Narayanhiti

On the night of 1 June 2001 (19 Jestha 2058 BS), Crown Prince Dipendra shot dead King Birendra, Queen Aishwary…

Ancient & Medieval Nepal: Kirat, Lichhavi & Malla Eras (Kaal)

Before Prithvi Narayan Shah unified Nepal in 1768–69, the Kathmandu Valley passed through the legendary Gopala…

Ancient Capitals of Nepal: Handigaun, Deopatan, Kantipur & the Malla Cities

The ancient capital of Nepal was not a single place. Power moved across the Kathmandu Valley: from legendary G…

Araniko: The Patan Artisan Who Carried Nepali Craft Across the Himalaya

Araniko (also spelled Anige or Arniko, c. 1244/1245–1306) was a Newar artist and architect from the Kathmandu …

Bahals & Bahis of the Kathmandu Valley: Newar Buddhist Courtyards

A bahal (baha) is a Newar Buddhist monastery built around a quiet courtyard, with a main shrine facing the ent…

Bhanubhakta Acharya & Bhanu Jayanti: Biography and Date

Bhanu Jayanti falls on 29 Ashad every year (about 13 July) and marks the birthday of Adikavi Bhanubhakta Achar…

Caste System of Nepal: Muluki Ain 1854 to the 2015 Constitution

Nepal's caste system was legally codified by the Muluki Ain of 1854, which ranked all citizens into a five-tie…

Char Dham of Nepal: The Four Sacred Kshetras

Nepal's Char Dham (चारधाम) are four ancient Hindu holy places, or Kshetras, distinct from India's Himalayan Ch…

Classical & Charya Dance of Nepal: A Guide to Buddhist Ritual Dance

Nepal has no single legally designated national dance, though the Gurung community's Ghatu Nritya is the form …

Commodities of the Salt Road: What Moved on the Caravans

For centuries, caravans crossing the Nepal-Tibet Himalaya carried a fixed basket of trade goods northward and …

Comprehensive Peace Accord (CPA) 2006 explained clause by clause

The Comprehensive Peace Accord (CPA), or Vistrit Shanti Samjhauta, was signed on 21 November 2006 (5 Mangsir 2…

Dhaka Cloth & Dhaka Topi: Weaving Craft and Palpa/Tehrathum Origin

Dhaka is a hand-woven cotton fabric decorated with colourful geometric panels made by a supplementary-weft inl…

Dibya Upadesh of Prithvi Narayan Shah: The 'Divine Counsel' Explained

The Dibya Upadesh (Divya Upadesh / Divyopadesh, 'divine counsel') is the political testament King Prithvi Nara…

Doleshwar Mahadev: The 'Head of Kedarnath' in Bhaktapur, Nepal

Doleshwar (Doleshwor) Mahadev is a Shiva temple in Suryabinayak, Bhaktapur, revered as the missing head of Ked…

Everest's Deadliest Days: 1996 Storm, 2014 Icefall, 2015 Avalanche

Mount Everest's defining tragedies form a grim chronology of the commercial climbing era. The 1996 storm kille…

Farmer-Managed Irrigation Systems (FMIS) of Nepal: Raj Kulo, Chhattis & Sorah Mauja

Farmer-Managed Irrigation Systems (FMIS) are community-built and community-run canal networks that irrigate ro…

Greater Lumbini Buddhist Circuit: Tilaurakot, Ramagrama, Devadaha & Ashokan-Pillar Sites

The Greater Lumbini Buddhist circuit links the archaeological sites around Buddha's birthplace in Nepal's Lumb…

Greater Nepal: The Land Lost at Sugauli (Tista to Sutlej)

"Greater Nepal" describes the maximum extent of the Gorkha empire on the eve of the 1814-16 Anglo-Nepalese War…

Guhyeshwari Temple: the Shakti Peeth beside Pashupatinath

Guhyeshwari Temple (Guhjeshwari Mandir) in Kathmandu is a revered Shakti Peeth on the southern bank of the Bag…

History of Nepali Literature: The Literary Eras Timeline

The history of Nepali literature (nepali sahitya ko itihas) is usually divided into named eras: the Pre-modern…

Honorific Titles of Nepali Poets: Adikavi, Mahakavi, Rastrakavi & More

The Adikavi (First Poet) is Bhanubhakta Acharya, the Mahakavi (Great Poet) is Laxmi Prasad Devkota, the Kavi S…

How Kathmandu Valley Was Formed: The Manjushri Legend & Real Geology

Nepali tradition holds that the Kathmandu Valley was once a vast lake drained by the bodhisattva Manjushri, wh…

How Nepal Repaired Earthquake-Damaged Heritage: 2015 Reconstruction

After the 2015 Gorkha earthquake destroyed hundreds of monuments, Nepal rebuilt them under the Department of A…

Jayasthiti Malla's Caste Code & the Manava Nyaya Shastra

Jayasthiti Malla (reigned 1382-1395 AD) was the Malla king who reorganised the Newars of the Kathmandu Valley …

Kailash Mansarovar Yatra via Nepal: Hilsa vs Kerung Routes Compared

Pilgrims heading to Mount Kailash and Lake Mansarovar from Nepal use two Nepal-China crossings: Hilsa/Yari in …

Khasa Malla (Sinja) Kingdom of Western Nepal: A Karnali History Explainer

The Khasa Malla kingdom (also called Ya-tse or the Sinja kingdom) was a medieval Himalayan empire centred on t…

Kings on Nepali Currency: Notes, Coins & the 2007 Everest Switch

From 1945 to 2007, four Shah kings appeared on Nepali paper money: Tribhuvan, Mahendra, Birendra and Gyanendra…

Kirat Civilisation: Kings List, Yalamber, Mundhum & Legacy

The Kirat (Kirant) were the first historically named dynasty to rule the Kathmandu Valley, traditionally from …

Koshi Agreement (1954) & Gandak Agreement (1959): Nepal's First Water Treaties

The Koshi Agreement of 25 April 1954 and the Gandak Irrigation and Power Project Agreement of 4 December 1959 …

List of Rana Prime Ministers of Nepal (1846-1951): Complete Directory

The Rana prime ministers were a line of hereditary rulers who governed Nepal from 1846 to 1951, reducing the S…

Madhesh Andolan & Terai Armed Groups (Post-2006): A History

The Madhesh andolan (Madhesi movement) refers to a series of protests in Nepal's Terai plains after the 2006 c…

Maoist Civil War (Jana Yuddha) in Nepal: Causes, Phases & the Peace Accord

Nepal's Maoist Civil War, called Jana Yuddha (People's War), was a decade-long insurgency launched by the Comm…

Martyrs of Nepal (Shahid): The 4 Shahid, Shahid Diwas & Memorial

The four martyrs of Nepal (char shahid) are Shukraraj Shastri, Dharma Bhakta Mathema, Gangalal Shrestha and Da…

Master Builders of Nepal: Arniko, the Malla Kings & Newar Craft Guilds

The temples of the Kathmandu Valley were shaped by a human system of genius, patronage and hereditary skill. A…

Monasteries of Upper Mustang: Lo Manthang's Ancient Gompas

Upper Mustang's monasteries are Tibetan-Buddhist gompas clustered in and around Lo Manthang, the 15th-century …

Mukhtiyars and Kajis: Nepal's Chief Ministers Before the Ranas (1768-1846)

Before the Rana era, real power in Nepal often sat not with the Shah king but with a chief minister styled Kaj…

National Heroes of Nepal (Rastriya Vibhuti): The Complete List of 18

Nepal officially recognises 18 National Heroes, known in Nepali as Rastriya Vibhuti (राष्ट्रिय विभूति). The ho…

Nepal Aid Timeline: Foreign Aid History From the 1950s to Today

The history of foreign aid in Nepal began in 1951, when Nepal signed the United States' Point Four technical-a…

Nepal Calendar Systems: Bikram Sambat vs Nepal Sambat vs Saka vs AD

Nepal is about 57 years 'ahead' of the West because its official calendar, Bikram Sambat (BS), begins its era …

Nepal in UNESCO's Memory of the World Register: Inscribed Manuscripts

Nepal has two manuscripts inscribed on UNESCO's Memory of the World Register, both added in 2013: the Nisvasat…

Nepal Sambat and Mha Puja: The Newar New Year Explained

Nepal Sambat is Nepal's indigenous Newar lunar era, counted from 20 October 879 CE and recognised as a nationa…

Nepal's Political National Days: Democracy, Republic & Constitution Day

Nepal marks three modern political national days. Democracy Day (Prajatantra Diwas) falls on Falgun 7 (Feb 18,…

Nepali Literary Periodicals & Milestones: A Cited Timeline

Sharada (1934) is widely treated as the first influential registered Nepali literary magazine, but the periodi…

Newar Masked Dances (Pyakhan): Lakhe, Bhairav, Asta Matrika & Kartik Naach

Pyakhan are the sacred masked ritual dances of the Newar people of Nepal's Kathmandu Valley, in which costumed…

Newar Metalcraft & Lost-Wax Bronze Casting in Patan, Nepal

Lost-wax casting (cire perdue) in Nepal is a thousand-year-old Newar craft centred on Patan (Lalitpur), where …

Newar Music: Dapha, Gunla Bajan, Dhime Baja & the Nau Baja

Newari music is the living classical and devotional music of the Kathmandu Valley, maintained by hereditary gu…

Newar Paubha & Sacred Art: A Guide via the Patan Museum

Paubha is the traditional sacred painting of Nepal's Newar people, made for both Hindu and Buddhist worship an…

Newar Religion & Hindu-Buddhist Syncretism of the Kathmandu Valley

Newar religion is the classic living example of Hindu-Buddhist syncretism in Nepal: the Newars of the Kathmand…

Notable Nepali Mountaineers: Record-Holders Directory

Nepal's most famous mountaineers hold the sport's biggest records. Kami Rita Sherpa has the most Everest summi…

Old Zone-Based Number Plates of Nepal: The 14-Zone Code System Decoded

On an old Nepali plate like 'Ba 12 Pa 1234', the first letter is a zone code, not a province: 'Ba' means the B…

Pashupatinath & the 12 Jyotirlingas: Nepal in the Shiva Map

Pashupatinath in Kathmandu is not one of the classical 12 Jyotirlingas, which lie entirely within India, yet S…

People's Movements of Nepal: From Jana Andolan to the 2025 Gen Z Uprising

Nepal's modern history was reshaped by a chain of mass movements: the 1979 student protests, Jana Andolan I (1…

PLA Cantonments & Maoist Combatant Integration in Nepal: A DDR Explainer

After Nepal's 1996-2006 civil war, the Maoist People's Liberation Army (PLA) registered 32,250 fighters in 7 m…

Postage Stamps & Postal History of Nepal: A Philately Guide

Nepal's first postage stamps were issued in April 1881 — a set of three (1 anna, 2 anna, 4 anna) known as the …

Prithvi Narayan Shah: The King Who Unified Nepal

Prithvi Narayan Shah (1723-1775), the king of the small hill state of Gorkha, unified dozens of warring princi…

Safa Tempo: Kathmandu's Electric Three-Wheeler and Nepal's First EV

The Safa Tempo (Nepali for 'clean tempo') is a battery-powered three-wheeled public minibus born from Kathmand…

Shakti Peeths & Devi Shrines of Nepal: A Directory

A Shakti Peeth is a site where, in the Sati legend, a part of the goddess's body is said to have fallen; Nepal…

Sky Caves of Mustang: The 10,000 Ancient Cliff Caves of Nepal

The Sky Caves of Mustang are an estimated 10,000 human-carved caves cut high into the crumbling cliffs of Uppe…

Thangka & Paubha: Nepal's Buddhist and Newar Scroll Paintings

A thangka is a portable Buddhist scroll painting on cloth, while a paubha is its older Newar ancestor from the…

The Gandharva (Gaine) Tradition & the Nepali Sarangi

The Gandharva, or Gaine, are Nepal's hereditary caste of travelling bards from the central hills, who for cent…

The Kalimpong Wool Route: Nepal's Lhasa Trade via Nathu La & Jelep La

The Kalimpong wool route was the great early-twentieth-century artery of Himalayan commerce: mule caravans car…

The Kot Massacre (14 Sep 1846): How the Rana Regime Was Born

The Kot massacre (Kot parva) of 14 September 1846, or 2 Ashwin 1903 BS, was a single night of court bloodshed …

Three Malla Kingdoms: Why the Valley Has Three Durbar Squares

There are three rival royal Durbar Squares within about 10 km of one another because the death of Yaksha Malla…

Where Was the Buddha Born? Buddha & Nepal Facts Hub

The Buddha was born in Lumbini, in present-day Rupandehi District of southern Nepal, not in India. The evidenc…

Why the Nepal-India Border Is Open: The 1950 Treaty Explained

The Nepal-India border is 'open' because citizens of both countries may cross it without a passport or visa, a…

.np Domain Registration Guide: How to Get Nepal's Free Domain

Nepal's .np country-code domain is free of cost: any Nepali citizen or registered organisation can register na…

Airlines of Nepal: Full Directory of Every CAAN-Certified Operator

Nepal has roughly 20 CAAN-certified airlines: eight active fixed-wing carriers — Nepal Airlines, Buddha Air, Y…

Barrages, Dams and Embankments on Nepal's Rivers: A Directory

Nepal's major water-control structures are the Koshi Barrage (1962), the Gandak or Triveni Barrage (1968-70), …

Best SIM & eSIM for Nepal Tourists: Airport Counters to Everest

The best SIM card for tourists in Nepal is usually Ncell's TouristPro (NPR 595–1,995) for cities and short tri…

Border and Trade-Gateway Cities of Nepal: Major Land Ports

Nepal's overland trade funnels through seven principal border gateways: Birgunj–Raxaul, Bhairahawa (Belahiya)–…

Bringing a Vehicle into Nepal by Road: Permits, Customs & Carnet Guide

Foreign-registered vehicles can enter Nepal by road with a temporary import pass — locally called 'bhansar' — …

Bus Park Directory of Nepal: Which Terminal Serves Which Destination

Kathmandu has no single bus station: Gongabu Bus Park (Naya Bus Park) on the Ring Road is the main long-distan…

Cable Cars in Nepal: Manakamana, Chandragiri, Kalinchowk, Annapurna, Lumbini

Nepal has six major passenger cable cars: Manakamana (the country's first, opened 1998), Chandragiri near Kath…

Cable Cars of Nepal: The Full List of Every Operating Line

Nepal has six well-established operational passenger cable cars as of 2025: Manakamana (Chitwan-Gorkha), Chand…

Cargo Ropeways of Nepal: Hetauda-Kathmandu Revival & Chobhar Dry Port

No freight currently moves by wire in Nepal: the historic 42 km Hetauda-Kathmandu cargo ropeway, built in 1964…

Drinking Water Providers in Nepal: KUKL, NWSC and WUSC Directory

Piped drinking water in the Kathmandu Valley is supplied by Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited (KUKL), while…

Dry Ports and Inland Clearance Depots (ICDs) of Nepal: Directory

Nepal operates five main dry ports, or inland clearance depots (ICDs): the rail-linked Birgunj ICD at Sirsiya,…

Expressways of Nepal: Kathmandu-Terai Fast Track and Planned Routes

The Kathmandu-Terai/Madhesh Fast Track is Nepal's first access-controlled expressway: a 70.98 km, four-lane ro…

Feeder Roads of Nepal: The 'F' Series by District & Province

Feeder roads are Nepal's 'F' series in the Strategic Road Network (SRN) — the middle layer of roads that link …

Flood Early Warning in Nepal: River Danger Levels and DHM Alerts

Nepal's official flood early-warning system is run by the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM), which…

FM Radio Stations of Nepal: Directory by Province & Frequency

Nepal has issued more than 700 FM radio broadcast licences on the 88-108 MHz band, licensed by the Ministry of…

How Nepal Lowers Dangerous Glacial Lakes: GLOF Mitigation Explained

Nepal lowers dangerous glacial lakes by cutting gate-controlled outlet channels through their moraine dams and…

How to Build an Earthquake-Resistant House in Nepal: NBC 105 Guide

To build an earthquake-resistant house in Nepal, design it to National Building Code NBC 105 (Seismic Design o…

How to Send a Parcel or Letter from Nepal: Step-by-Step Guide

To send a parcel or letter from Nepal, take the item to a Nepal Post counter: an ordinary domestic letter cost…

India's HICDP in Nepal: Explainer and Province-Wise Breakdown

High Impact Community Development Projects (HICDPs) — formerly Small Development Projects — are India's grant-…

Industrial Estates of Nepal: Complete Audyogik Kshetra Directory

Nepal has eleven government industrial estates (audyogik kshetra) — Balaju, Patan, Bhaktapur, Hetauda, Dharan,…

Integrated Check Posts (ICP) of Nepal: Birgunj, Biratnagar and Beyond

An Integrated Check Post (ICP) is a one-stop border complex where customs, immigration, quarantine, banking an…

Inter-Basin Water Transfers and River Diversion Projects of Nepal

Nepal's inter-basin water transfer projects divert water from large snow-fed rivers into smaller Tarai rivers …

Jaynagar–Janakpur–Bardibas Railway: Timetable, Fares & Stations

The Jaynagar–Janakpur–Bardibas railway is Nepal's only operating passenger railway: a 68.7 km broad-gauge cros…

Kathmandu Metro Rail: Kathmandu Valley Electric Rail Project Tracker

Kathmandu does not have a metro, and none is under construction: the Kathmandu Valley electric rail project is…

Limestone & Cement of Nepal: Deposits and Cement Factory Directory

Nepal holds an estimated 1.07 billion tonnes of limestone — about 540 million tonnes of it proven — spread acr…

List of All National Highways of Nepal (NH Series) with Rankings

Nepal has 80 numbered national highways (the NH series) totalling about 11,799 km as of fiscal year 2022/23, a…

Major Donor-Funded Projects in Nepal: Who Funded What

Nepal's flagship megaprojects were financed by different donors on very different terms: the Melamchi Water Su…

Major Irrigation Projects of Nepal: A Complete Guide

Nepal's major irrigation projects are large, mostly Terai-based canal and river-diversion schemes led by the D…

Major Road Bridges of Nepal: Longest Spans and River Crossings

The longest motorable bridge in Nepal is the 1,015-metre Karnali (Geruwa) Bridge at Kothiyaghat in Bardiya, wh…

Major Tunnels of Nepal: Nagdhunga, Siddhababa & Fast Track Directory

Nepal's flagship road tunnels are the 2,688-metre Nagdhunga–Sisnekhola Tunnel on the Tribhuvan Highway — the c…

MCC Nepal Compact Explained: Transmission Line & Road Project Tracker

The MCC Nepal Compact is a US$747 million grant program - US$550 million from the United States' Millennium Ch…

Melamchi Water Supply Project: Facts, Capacity & Timeline

The Melamchi Water Supply Project diverts about 170 million litres per day (MLD) of water from the Melamchi Ri…

NEA Bill Check & Online Payment: SC No., Consumer ID and Reading Date

To check an NEA electricity bill in Nepal, open the official portal at neabilling.com/viewonline, select your …

NEA Electricity Tariff: Full Rate Schedule by Category & Ampere Band

NEA domestic customers currently pay Rs 0 to Rs 11.00 per unit (kWh) depending on six monthly consumption slab…

NEA Time-of-Day (ToD) Tariff: Peak, Off-Peak & Normal Hours Explained

Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA) bills Time-of-Day (ToD) customers at three rates: peak hours (5:00 PM to 11:…

Nepal Border Crossings: India & China Land Points Guide

Nepal has six official land immigration points on its open border with India (Kakarbhitta, Birgunj, Belahiya/B…

Nepal Customs Offices & Border Trade Points: Full Directory

Nepal's Department of Customs runs about 28 customs offices along its borders with India and China plus its in…

Nepal EMS Explained: Domestic and International Express Mail Guide

EMS (Express Mail Service) is Nepal Post's fastest, time-bound delivery service for documents and parcels, ava…

Nepal Highway Codes Explained: NH Numbers, Old H Codes and Chainage

Nepal renumbered its national highways in May 2021 (Jestha 2078 BS), replacing the old H-series and F-series c…

Nepal Plane Crashes: Complete List of Aviation Accidents Since 1955

Nepal has recorded roughly 108 aircraft accidents claiming about 959 lives since the country's first crash at …

Nepal Post: Department of Postal Service — History, Network, Services

Nepal Post is the national postal system run by the Department of Postal Service (Hulak Sewa Bibhag) under the…

Nepal USSD Codes Directory: NTC & Ncell Number, Balance, Data & Owner Name

Dial *9# to check your NTC number, *903# or *103# for your Ncell number, and *144# to check balance on any Nep…

Nepal–India and Nepal–China Border Crossings: Full Directory

Nepal has six designated road immigration crossings on the India border — Kakarbhitta, Birgunj, Belhiya (Bhair…

Nepal–India Cross-Border Bus Services: Routes, Operators & How to Travel

Direct government-sanctioned buses run between Nepal and India on routes such as Kathmandu–New Delhi via Sunau…

Nepal–India Power Trade: 2014 PTA, 10,000 MW Deal & Bangladesh Export

Nepal and India signed the Power Trade Agreement (PTA) on 21 October 2014, then a long-term agreement on 4 Jan…

New Electricity Connection in Nepal: NEA Meter Application Guide

To get a new NEA electricity connection in Nepal, submit the new customer application form at your nearest Nep…

Private Courier and Cargo Companies in Nepal: Directory and Comparison

Nepal's courier market spans international integrators — DHL Nepal, FedEx (through Everest De Cargo), UPS, Ara…

Public Transport Fares in Nepal: Per-km Rate, Fare Table & the 5% Fuel Rule

Public transport fares in Nepal are set per kilometre by the Department of Transport Management (DoTM) for int…

Railways of Nepal: Every Line, Project and Map Explained

Nepal currently runs one cross-border passenger railway, the 52 km broad-gauge Jaynagar-Janakpur-Bhangaha line…

Road Accident Blackspots & Highway Safety Statistics of Nepal

Nepal Police recorded 22,927 road accidents and 2,369 deaths in fiscal year 2080/81 BS (2023/24) — roughly sev…

Sajha Yatayat: Kathmandu's Cooperative Bus Network and Electric Fleet

Sajha Yatayat is Kathmandu's cooperative bus operator, founded in March 1962 (Chaitra 2018 BS) and revived in …

Stadiums of Nepal: Dasharath Rangasala, TU Cricket Ground & More

Nepal's principal sports venues are Dasharath Rangasala in Kathmandu (the national football stadium, roughly 1…

Transport Management Office Directory: Licence & Bluebook Services

Transport Management Offices (yatayat karyalaya) are the government offices in Nepal where you apply for a dri…

Vehicle Number Plate Codes of Nepal: Decode Any Nepali Licence Plate

Nepali number plates encode where a vehicle was registered, what type it is and who may operate it. Old-style …

Who Regulates Cable Cars in Nepal? DoED Licensing Explained

Passenger cable cars in Nepal are licensed through the Department of Electricity Development (DoED) under the …

All 142 Caste & Ethnic Groups of Nepal — Complete 2021 Census List

Nepal's 2021 National Population and Housing Census (NPHC 2021) enumerated 142 distinct caste and ethnic group…

Art Galleries of Nepal: Directory of Public and Private Galleries

Nepal's main art galleries cluster in the Kathmandu Valley. Public institutions include the Nepal Academy of F…

Auspicious Dates (Saait) of Nepal: Marriage, Bratabandha, Pasni & Griha Pravesh

For Bikram Sambat (BS) 2082, the Nepal Panchanga Nirnayak Samiti, the government body that approves the nation…

Bibaha & Bratabandha Saait (Lagan) by Nepali Month: A Guide

Auspicious wedding dates (bibaha saait or lagan saait) and bratabandha saait in Nepal are fixed by the panchan…

Buddhist Festivals & Holy Days of Nepal: Buddha Jayanti, Losars, Mani Rimdu, Saga Dawa

Nepal's Buddhist calendar centres on Buddha Jayanti (Baisakh Purnima), the three Losars, the Everest festival …

Buddhist Monasteries (Gompas) of Nepal: A Directory of Major Gumbas

Nepal's Buddhist monasteries, called gumbas or gompas, range from the Tibetan-tradition gompas ringing Boudhan…

Cost of Living in Kathmandu: Monthly Budget Breakdown (2026)

The cost of living in Kathmandu is modest by international standards but rising: a frugal single student can l…

Dalit Caste List of Nepal: The 26 Scheduled Dalit Communities

Nepal legally schedules 26 castes as Dalit — 7 Hill Dalit and 19 Madhesi (Terai) Dalit — in the list maintaine…

Danphe (Himalayan Monal): The National Bird of Nepal

The danphe (Himalayan monal, Lophophorus impejanus) is the national bird of Nepal, called Nepal ko rastriya ch…

Dhanwantari Jayanti & Ayurveda Day in Nepal: An Explainer

Dhanwantari Jayanti is the birth anniversary of Dhanwantari, the Hindu deity revered as the originator of Ayur…

Dialects of Nepali: Eastern, Central, Western & Far-West Varieties

Nepali is traditionally split into three broad dialect groups — Eastern (Purbeli), Central and Western — plus …

Endangered Languages of Nepal: UNESCO Danger Levels and Speakers

Nepal's 2021 census recorded 124 mother tongues, and the UNESCO World Atlas of Languages classifies dozens of …

English Proverbs in Nepali: Authentic Ukhan Equivalents

Looking for an English proverb in Nepali? This two-way reference pairs well-known English proverbs with the cl…

Festival Foods of Nepal: A Dish-by-Festival Encyclopedia

Nepal's festivals each carry a signature dish: sel roti at Dashain and Tihar, yomari at Yomari Punhi, kwati so…

Folk Dances of Nepal: A Complete Guide to Sakela, Maruni, Deuda & More

Nepal's folk dances are community-specific traditions tied to harvests, festivals and worship. The best known …

Folklore Creatures & Spirits of Nepal: A Sourced Directory

Nepal's folklore is populated by mythical creatures and spirits ranging from the Himalayan Yeti and the Newar …

Food Security in Nepal & the Global Hunger Index Explained

In the 2025 Global Hunger Index, Nepal ranked 72nd of 123 countries with a score of 14.8, placing it in the "m…

Foreign Employment Term Life Insurance for Nepali Migrant Workers

Every Nepali going abroad on a labour permit must buy a mandatory foreign employment term life insurance polic…

Gau Khane Katha: Nepali Riddles With Answers (Collection)

Gau khane katha (गाउँ खाने कथा) are traditional Nepali riddles: a short, often rhyming clue whose one-word ans…

Gotra of Nepali Brahmins & Chhetris Explained (with Surname Context)

A gotra is a patrilineal clan line that Nepali Bahun (Brahmin) and Chhetri families trace back to an ancient r…

Gundruk, Sinki and Nepali Fermented Foods: A Complete Guide

Gundruk is Nepal's best-known fermented food: sun-dried, salt-free fermented leafy greens made by natural lact…

Handicrafts of Nepal: A Guide to Traditional Crafts

Nepali handicrafts are the country's cultural-export flagship: hand-knotted woollen carpets, pashmina, Dhaka f…

Helicopter Services in Nepal & the Everest Rescue Scam Explained

Nepal has around a dozen licensed helicopter operators offering charters, Everest Base Camp heli tours (roughl…

Highest-Grossing Nepali Films of All Time (Box-Office Ranking)

The highest-grossing Nepali movie of all time is Purna Bahadur Ko Sarangi (2024), which collected about Rs 46.…

Hindu Death Rites in Nepal: Antyeshti, 13-Day Kriya & Shraddha

In Nepali Hindu tradition, death rites (antyeshti) begin with cremation, most iconically on the banks of the B…

Hindu God & Goddess Names Used as Nepali Names (Meanings)

Many popular Nepali names come directly from the names and epithets of Hindu gods and goddesses. This themed d…

Hindu Gods & Goddesses of Nepal: A Deity Directory

Nepal's Hindu pantheon centres on Shiva (worshipped as Pashupati, the country's unofficial national deity), Vi…

History of Nepali Cinema (Kollywood): From 1951 to Today

The first Nepali-language movie was Satya Harishchandra, released on 14 September 1951 in Kolkata, India, whil…

Hits FM Music Awards: History, Categories & Yearly Winners Archive

The Hits FM 91.2 Music Awards, widely called the 'Grammys of Nepal', have honoured the country's recording art…

How to Wear Nepali Dress: Step-by-Step HowTo Guides

To wear Nepali dress correctly, put on the base garment first, then tie the closures in the right order and se…

Intangible Cultural Heritage of Nepal: UNESCO 2003 Convention & Jatras

Nepal ratified UNESCO's 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage on 15 June 20…

Janai Purnima & Raksha Bandhan (Gunhu Punhi / Kwati Purnima)

Janai Purnima is the sacred-thread full-moon festival of Shrawan Shukla Purnima, when Hindu men renew the jana…

Japan SSW Visa (Tokutei Ginou) Pathway from Nepal: Full Guide

The Specified Skilled Worker (SSW, or Tokutei Ginou) visa lets Nepalis work legally in Japan in labour-short s…

Kirat Mundhum Belief System Explained: Sakela, Yele Sambat & Scripture

Kirat Mundhum (Kiratism) is the indigenous nature-and-ancestor religion of eastern Nepal's Rai, Limbu, Yakkha …

Kirat Mundhum: Paruhang, Sumnima & Yuma Sammang Creation Myths

Mundhum is the oral scripture of Nepal's Kirat peoples (Rai, Limbu, Sunuwar, Yakkha) that serves at once as sa…

Kumari: The Living Goddess of Nepal

The Kumari is Nepal's living goddess, a young Newar girl worshipped as the earthly embodiment of the goddess T…

Maghi: The Tharu New Year (Distinct from Maghe Sankranti)

Maghi is the biggest festival and the new year of Nepal's Tharu community, observed on the first day of Magh (…

Major Media Houses of Nepal: Company Profiles Directory

Nepal's news industry is dominated by a handful of cross-platform media houses. The largest is Kantipur Media …

Mithila & Madhesi Festivals: Jitiya, Sama Chakeva, Vivaha Panchami, Jur Sital

Beyond Chhath, the Maithili-speaking Madhesh Province of Nepal celebrates a distinct cluster of festivals cent…

Museums of Nepal: Complete Directory & Interactive Map

Nepal has more than 50 public museums, from the National Museum at Chhauni in Kathmandu (established 1928) to …

Naga Worship in Nepal: The Nagas, Naga Panchami & the Valley's Serpent Shrines

Naga (serpent) worship is a distinctively Nepali tradition in which snake deities are honoured as guardians of…

National Dress of Nepal: Daura-Suruwal, Gunyo-Cholo & the Dress-Code Law

Nepal's national dress is the Daura-Suruwal for men and the Gunyo-Cholo (often paired with the Chaubandi Cholo…

National Film Awards (Nepal): Full Winners Archive by Year

Nepal's National Film Awards (Rastriya Chalachitra Puraskar) are the country's most prestigious cinema honours…

National Flag of Nepal: Geometry, Construction and Meaning

Nepal's flag is the world's only non-quadrilateral national flag, made of two stacked triangular pennants topp…

National Paddy Day (Asar 15): Ropai, Dhan Diwas & Dahi-Chiura

National Paddy Day (Rastriya Dhanropai Diwas), popularly called Asar 15 or Dhan Diwas, is Nepal's annual rice-…

National Symbols of Nepal: Flag, Flower, Bird, Animal, Game & More

Nepal's official national symbols are the crimson double-pennant flag, the coat of arms, the anthem 'Sayaun Th…

National Symbols of Nepal: Flower, Bird, Animal, Fruit, Flag & More

Nepal's national symbols are the rhododendron (national flower), the Himalayan monal or danphe (national bird)…

Nepal Adventure Tourism: Rafting, Paragliding, Bungee & Safari Directory

Beyond trekking, Nepal offers a dense menu of adventure activities: white-water rafting on the Trishuli, Bhote…

Nepal Districts at Risk from GLOF: Downstream Hazard Guide

Seven Nepali mountain districts sit directly downstream of dangerous glacial lakes: Solukhumbu, Dolakha, Sindh…

Nepal Emergency & Helpline Numbers: Police 100, Ambulance 102, Fire 101

In an emergency anywhere in Nepal, dial 100 for police, 102 for an ambulance, and 101 for fire. These three-di…

Nepal Foreign Employment Statistics: Labour Migration Dashboard

In fiscal year 2023/24 (BS 2080/81), Nepal issued 741,297 new labour approvals for foreign employment, and it …

Nepal National Anthem: 'Sayaun Thunga Phulka' Lyrics, Translation, History

Nepal's national anthem is 'Sayaun Thunga Phulka' (सयौं थुँगा फूलका), meaning 'We are hundreds of flowers.' Wr…

Nepal Pilgrimage (Tirtha) Calendar: Which Temple on Which Festival

The best day to visit a Nepali temple is its own great mela. Go to Pashupatinath at Maha Shivaratri (Falgun, F…

Nepal Provinces Ranked: MPI Poverty Rate and HDI by Province

Bagmati is the most developed province in Nepal, with the highest Human Development Index (0.669) and the lowe…

Nepal Public Holidays 2082 & 2083 BS: Sarkari Bida List

Nepal's public holidays (sarbajanik bida) are gazetted every year by the Ministry of Home Affairs against the …

Nepal's Fasting & Festival Calendar: Ekadashi, Purnima, Sankranti, Navaratri

Nepal's Hindu religious year runs on a lunisolar rhythm of recurring sacred days: two Ekadashi fasts each luna…

Nepal's National Symbols & Their Mythology: Cow, Danphe, Laligurans, Flag

The cow (gai) is Nepal's national animal because Hindu tradition venerates it as a sacred, motherly, wealth-gi…

Nepal's Pan-Hindu Festivals: Janmashtami, Saraswati Puja, Ram Navami, Kushe Aunsi & Mata Tirtha Aunsi

Five widely observed pan-Hindu festivals of Nepal — Krishna Janmashtami, Saraswati Puja (Basanta Panchami), Ra…

Nepali Anmol Vachan: Sukti & Subhashit Quotes With Meaning

Nepali anmol vachan (sukti/subhashit) are attributable moral sayings drawn from named poets, unlike anonymous …

Nepali Baby Names A-Z: Meanings, Etymology & Devanagari

Nepali baby names are drawn mostly from Sanskrit and native Nepali roots and are traditionally chosen at the N…

Nepali Baby Names: Modern Boy, Girl & Unisex Names (Browse & Filter)

This is a curated, source-cited hub of modern Nepali baby names for boys, girls and unisex use, browsable by g…

Nepali Cuisine & Traditional Dishes: A Complete Encyclopedia

Nepali food is built around dal bhat (rice with lentil soup and vegetable curry) and expands into dozens of re…

Nepali Dairy Products Explained: Chhurpi, Ghee, Yak Cheese, Paneer

Nepal's traditional dairy products include chhurpi (a hard Himalayan cheese now exported worldwide as a long-l…

Nepali Folk Song Genres: Dohori, Teej Geet, Tamang Selo, Jhyaure, Deuda & More

Nepal's folk songs (lok geet) form dozens of living traditions rooted in ethnic community, region and season. …

Nepali Hindu Wedding: Full Ceremony Steps Explained

A traditional Nepali Hindu (Bahun-Chhetri) wedding unfolds as an ordered sequence of rites called the vivaha s…

Nepali Jayanti & Diwas Calendar: Days Honouring Figures

Nepal marks several commemorative days that honour a specific person: Bhanu Jayanti (poet Bhanubhakta Acharya,…

Nepali Kinship & Relationship Terms: A Family-Tree Vocabulary Guide

Nepali relationship names are age- and side-specific: elder brother is dai (दाइ) and younger brother bhai (भाइ…

Nepali Months, 6 Seasons (Ritu) & Day Names: A Reference Hub

Nepal's official Bikram Sambat (BS) calendar has 12 solar months in order — Baisakh, Jestha, Ashar, Shrawan, B…

Nepali Music Legends: A Cited Who's Who of Pioneering Singers and Composers

Nepal's musical canon was built by a small circle of foundational artists: composers such as Nati Kaji, Amber …

Nepali Sign Language (NSL): Recognition, Alphabet & Status

Nepali Sign Language (NSL) is the main indigenous sign language of Nepal and the first language of much of its…

Nepali Sweets & Mithai: A Guide to 12 Classic Treats

Nepali sweets (mithai) range from the crunchy Newar ceremonial bread lakhamari and ring-shaped sel roti to khu…

Nepali Tea (Chiya) & Traditional Drinks: A Complete Guide

Nepali drinks range from everyday milk tea (dudh chiya) and spiced masala chiya to prized Ilam orthodox tea, a…

Nepali Tukka (Idioms) With Meaning: A Directory of Phrases and Their Sense

A tukka (टुक्का) is a short Nepali idiom, a group of words that abandons its literal sense to carry a fixed fi…

Nepali Ukhan (Proverbs) Dictionary: Meaning in Nepali & English

Nepali ukhan (उखान) are traditional proverbs that pack generations of folk wisdom into a single memorable line…

Nepali Worker Minimum Salary by Country: Qatar, Saudi, UAE, Malaysia, Korea

Nepal's Ministry of Labour, Employment and Social Security (MoLESS) sets a minimum reference salary that a des…

Newar Life-Cycle Rituals: Ihi, Bara/Gufa, Pasni, Janku Explained

Newars mark life with a distinctive cycle of sanskar (rites of passage). Its most famous features are the 'thr…

Newari & Ethnic Proverbs: Sayings of Nepal's Communities

Nepal's non-Nepali-language communities each carry a rich stock of proverbs: newari ukhan (Nepal Bhasa proverb…

Newari Cuisine & Samay Baji Khaja Set: A Complete Guide

Newari food is the ceremonial cuisine of the Newar people of Nepal's Kathmandu Valley, built around beaten ric…

Newspapers of Nepal: Press Council Classification (A+ to D)

Every fiscal year the Press Council Nepal (PCN) grades the country's newspapers into five classes — A+ (Ka Plu…

Notable Women of Nepal: A 'Firsts' Directory

Nepal's first woman President was Bidya Devi Bhandari, elected on 28 October 2015. Sushila Karki became the fi…

Nwaran & Macha Janku: Nepali Naming and Rice-Feeding Rites

Nwaran is the Hindu naming ceremony held in Nepal, usually on a newborn's 11th day, when a priest calculates t…

Panche Baja: Nepal's Five-Instrument Auspicious Wedding Ensemble

Panche baja is a set of five traditional Nepali instruments — sahanai, narsingha or karnal, tyamko, damaha and…

Pashupatinath Visitor & Darshan Guide: Timings, Aarati, Dress Code, Puja

Pashupatinath Temple in Kathmandu is open daily from 4:00 AM to 9:00 PM, with inner-sanctum darshan generally …

Pathibhara / Mukkumlung Cable Car & Nepal's Ropeway Disputes

The Pathibhara (Mukkumlung) cable car in Taplejung is Nepal's most contested ropeway: a roughly NPR 3 billion …

Performing-Arts Venues & Institutions of Nepal: A Directory

Nepal's performing-arts scene is anchored by state academies and independent theatres in the Kathmandu Valley.…

Pure Nepali Names: Native (Non-Sanskrit) Nature & Virtue Names Directory

Most "Nepali" baby names are actually Sanskrit loanwords (tatsama) shared across South Asia. This directory ga…

Raag and Taal in Nepali Music: A Nepal-Grounded Theory Guide

In Nepali music, a raag (raga) is the melodic framework that shapes a song's mood and pitches, while taal is i…

Rashifal & the 12 Rashi Explained: Nepali Zodiac Directory

Rashi (राशि) is a zodiac sign in Vedic astrology, and rashifal (राशिफल) is the horoscope read from it. There a…

Regional & Local Jatras of the Kathmandu Valley: A Directory

A jatra is a Newar street or chariot festival. Beyond the famous Indra Jatra, the Kathmandu Valley hosts dozen…

Resham Firiri & Other Iconic Nepali Songs: Meaning and Origin

Resham Firiri means roughly 'silk fluttering (in the wind)' and is Nepal's best-known folk song, credited to P…

Sacred & Forbidden Mountains of Nepal: Machapuchare and the Unclimbed Summits

Machapuchare (Machhapuchhre), the 6,993 m 'Fishtail' peak above Pokhara, is forbidden to climb because Gurung …

Sacred Lakes of Nepal & the Janai Purnima Pilgrimage

On the August full moon of Janai Purnima (Shrawan Purnima), thousands of Hindu and Buddhist pilgrims climb to …

Sakela Festival: Ubhauli, Udhauli & the Kirat Yele Sambat

Sakela is the twin nature-worship festival of Nepal's Kirat Rai, Sunuwar and Yakkha communities, celebrated as…

Sankranti Dates of Nepal: All 12 Solar Month-Openers (Maghe/Makar Sankranti)

A Sankranti is the first day (gate 1) of each Bikram Sambat solar month, the moment the sun crosses into a new…

Shram Swikriti: Step-by-Step Labour Approval Guide for Nepal

To go abroad legally for foreign employment from Nepal you must obtain a labour approval (shram swikriti) from…

Single Woman / Widow Allowance & Disability Allowance in Nepal: Eligibility & How to Apply

Nepal's social security allowances give widows of any age and unmarried, divorced or separated women aged 60+ …

Swasthani Brata Katha: Nepal's Month-Long Story-Fast, Chapter by Chapter

Swasthani Brata Katha is a 31-chapter Hindu sacred narrative recited across one full lunar month, from Poush S…

Tamu, Sonam & Gyalpo Lhosar: Dates and Differences Explained

Nepal has three distinct Lhosar (New Year) festivals: Tamu Lhosar of the Gurung, always on Poush 15 (30 Decemb…

Television Channels of Nepal: Licensed Channel Directory

Nepal has grown from a single state broadcaster to more than 100 licensed television channels. This directory …

The 16 Sanskar (Shodasha Sanskara): Hindu Rites of Passage in Nepal

The Shodasha Sanskara are the sixteen Hindu life-cycle rites (sanskar) that mark a person's journey from conce…

The 59 Indigenous Nationalities of Nepal: NFDIN List & NEFIN Categories

Nepal legally recognises 59 indigenous nationalities (Adivasi Janajati) under the NFDIN Act 2002, with the Hum…

Tibetan Weekday Birth-Names in Nepal: Sherpa, Tamang & Gurung Meanings

Across Nepal's Himalayan Buddhist communities, many children are named after the weekday they were born on: Ny…

Traditional Dress of Nepal: A Guide to 15+ Garments and Who Wears Them

Nepal's traditional dress spans dozens of garments, from the national daura-suruwal, Dhaka topi and istakot to…

Traditional Musical Instruments of Nepal: A Complete Directory

The madal, a two-headed hand drum, is the national instrument of Nepal, but it is only one of hundreds of folk…

Traditional Nepali Jewellery & Ornaments: A Complete Guide

Traditional Nepali jewellery is a rich system of gold, silver and glass-bead ornaments that mark marriage, com…

Ukhan & Tukka by Theme: Nepali Proverbs on Education, Work, Money & More

Nepali ukhan (proverbs) and tukka (idioms) carry generations of folk wisdom, and students most often need them…

Vipassana & Buddhist Meditation Centres in Nepal: Directory + How to Book

Nepal has a nationwide network of donation-only Vipassana meditation centres in the tradition of S. N. Goenka,…

When Is Dashain 2082 & 2083? Tihar, Holi, Bhai Tika Dates by Year

Dashain 2082 falls in Ashwin-Kartik 2082 BS, with Vijaya Dashami (tika day) on 16 Ashwin 2082 (2 October 2025)…

'Father of' & 'First of' Nepal: Aadikavi, Mahakavi & Pioneers

In Nepali general knowledge, Aadikavi (First Poet) is Bhanubhakta Acharya, Mahakavi (Great Poet) is Laxmi Pras…

Birdwatching in Nepal: Best Birding Sites & Seasons Guide

The best places for birdwatching in Nepal are Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve (roughly 485 species), Chitwan and …

Everest Mountain Flight from Kathmandu: The Complete Guide

An Everest mountain flight is a roughly one-hour scenic flight from Kathmandu that flies parallel to the Himal…

Fastest 14 Eight-Thousanders: Speed Records & Completer List

The fastest ascent of all 14 eight-thousanders (peaks above 8,000 m) is held by Norway's Kristin Harila and Ne…

Firsts of Nepal: Directory of 'First Nepali to...' Milestones

A sourced A-to-Z directory of Nepal's national firsts, a staple Loksewa and quiz topic. Pasang Lhamu Sherpa be…

Mountaineering Records of Nepal: Most, Fastest, Youngest, Oldest, All-14

Kami Rita Sherpa of Nepal holds the record for most Mount Everest summits, reaching the top for the 32nd time …

Nepal at a Glance: Facts About Nepal (Country Code, Time Zone & More)

Nepal is a landlocked federal democratic republic in South Asia. Its capital is Kathmandu, its currency the Ne…

Nepal at the Olympics & Paralympics: History, Medals & Athletes

Nepal has never won an Olympic medal, but on 30 August 2024 (Bhadra 2081 BS) para-taekwondo athlete Palesha Go…

Nepal Cricket Records & Milestones: Batting, Bowling and Team Highs

Nepal holds several world cricket records. Dipendra Singh Airee owns the fastest men's T20I fifty (9 balls, vs…

Nepal Cricket Team: Profile, ODI Status, Rankings & Records

Yes, Nepal is an official One Day International (ODI) team: the Nepal men's national cricket team was granted …

Nepal Domestic Football Hub: ANFA A-Division League & Nepal Super League

Nepal's domestic football has two headline competitions. The Martyr's Memorial A-Division League, run by the A…

Nepal National Athletics & Endurance Records: Marathon, Track & Swimming

Nepal's fastest man is Shiva Chandra Parki, who ran 100m in 10.56 seconds in October 2022; the women's mark is…

Nepal National Football Team: FIFA Ranking, Captain & Records

The Nepal men's national football team, nicknamed The Gorkhalis, is run by the All Nepal Football Association …

Nepal Premier League (NPL): Teams, Owners, Captains & Winners

The Nepal Premier League (NPL) is Nepal's franchise Twenty20 cricket tournament, launched in 2024 and run by t…

Superlatives of Nepal: Biggest, Highest, Longest, Smallest & First

Nepal's record-holders, consolidated and cited: the highest peak is Everest (8,848.86 m), the longest river is…

Tourist Bus to Pokhara & Chitwan: Fares, Classes, Timing

Tourist buses from Kathmandu to Pokhara and Chitwan (Sauraha) depart in a single morning wave, mostly around 6…

Whitewater Rafting & Kayaking Rivers of Nepal: Graded Directory

Rafting in Nepal spans roughly a dozen commercially run rivers graded on the International Scale of River Diff…

Airport Tax & Charges in Nepal: Passenger Service Charge, Tourism Fee & Development Tax

There is no separate cash airport tax to pay at Tribhuvan International Airport (TIA) in Kathmandu. The two ma…

How to Climb Everest from Nepal: Permits, Rules & 2025 Costs

To climb Mount Everest (Sagarmatha, 8,848.86 m) from Nepal you must join a licensed Nepali expedition operator…

NMA Peak Permit Fees + How to Get a Peak Climbing Permit in Nepal

A Nepal Mountaineering Association (NMA) trekking-peak permit costs a foreign climber USD 350 in spring and US…